Stay safe. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. Today they are still used across the Indian Ocean to carry merchandise such as fruits, water, or spices. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. [44] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. Learn the historical significance of the Kingdom of Axum and how other . KHALED DESOUKI/AFP/Getty Images. The most important site of this period yet to have been found is at Manda, near Lamu, on the Kenyan coast. A green turtle swims in the blue waters at Marsa Abu Dabbab in the Red Sea, Egypt Cristian Umili (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), ? We also work with local communities in Mozambique and Kenya to reduce turtle harvesting and local trade. However, the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Africa is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Red Sea to the northeast, Indian Ocean to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. We facilitate ranger training and provide equipment. Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. The east African island map will guide you through Madagascar which is situated off the coast of Mozambique. Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. The major difference between conservation of the animals on the land and that of the sea is that 30 million people rely on the coastal reef ecosystems to subsist and sustain their livelihoods. Coastal erosion threatens the nesting beaches of marine turtles and harms mangrove forestswhich are already being battered from increased storm surges, and vulnerable to future sea level rise. However, politics have been turbulent at times, including the attempted coup d'tat in 1982 and the 2007 election riots. The main coastal settlements were situated on islands, largely, no doubt, because of the greater security these provided against attacks from the mainland; and their populations seem mostly to have been made up from migrants from the Persian Gulfsome from the great port of Srf, others from near Bahrainthough conceivably some too came from Daybul, at the mouth of the Indus River, in northwestern India. Between the two rift valleys lies a plateau that comprises most of Uganda and western Tanzania and includes Lake Victoria. This . It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. Lucas Jackson/Reuters Elsewhere in the US, the West Coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the goofy jet stream . The region also provides habitat for threatened shorebirds and seabirds, including the sooty tern, the masked booby, the greater crested tern, and the brown noddy. Trade, which seems to have been by barter, was considerable, with the main export probably of ivory. 08/22/2019. The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. The Indian Ocean, meanwhile, tempts travellers with the promise of idyllic islands set amongst calm turquoise waters, including Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives and the Seychelles. The East African Islands are in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. With imports and exports on the rise in and out of these ports, it's only a matter of time before larger and deeper berths are necessary to accommodate the changes and remain competitive. For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. Well-established gold and ivory trade network existed between African kingdoms in the interior and cities on the east coast of Africa. Birth of undersea volcano off the east coast of Africa recorded in great detail. Sailors and Daughters reveals the expansive maritime societies of Zanzibar, the east African coast, and beyond. The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:[1]. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. Along the beaches and within coral reefs and seagrass beds, five species of marine turtles nest and feed: green turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and leatherback. Eastern Africa region The Nairobi Convention A: Overview The Western Indian Ocean region is characterised by high biodiversity, both in terms of species and ecosystems, with a young and growing human population, especially in coastal urban centres. Rainfall in East Africa is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from October- December. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[65] and Karagwe[65] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. The Kiunga Marine National Reserve in Kenya supports the world's largest breeding colony of roseate terns. All of the states produced pottery. The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism. The grasslands of Tanzania and Kenya are renowned for their wildlife, in particular large migratory herds of ungulates (e.g., gnus, zebras, and gazelles) and predators (lions, hyenas, and leopards). Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. All travel bookings booked via Trust my Travel are financially protected by them. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory. The visible mantle tissue is responsible for its colourful appearance, and it harbours large populations of single-celled photosynthetic algae or zooxanthellae. ~ Peet J. van Eeden. app@africageographic.com A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. Rising demand and weak enforcement have led to a higher incidence of elephant poaching and increasing ivory markets. Chami, Felix A. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenyaa seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coastthe Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a consequence of these interactions. . However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. Join us as we take a glimpse into the underwater world of our African oceans and seas through the eyes of photographers who submitted their photos into ourPhotographer of the Year2016, 2017 and 2018 competitions. In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa East Africa, List of African cuisines East African cuisine, Music of Africa West, Central, Southeast and South Africa, Sub-Saharan African music traditions East Africa, Traditional African religions East Africa, Writing systems of Africa Ancient orthographies, List of ethnic groups of Africa East Africa, History of science and technology in Africa, genocide of Hutus in 1972 and genocide of Tutsis in 1993, "United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)", "Overview of Module Twenty: Southern Africa", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T6557A16980917.en, 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3457:gpoirv>2.0.co;2, "A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean", "A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history", Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal, "Genomic evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route", "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia", "Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human", "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", "Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya", "A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species", "Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age", "Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor on a Computer By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans", "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species", Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies, "Forgotten Ancient History of East Africa", "The Bantu Migration | World Civilization", "Perspectives on the African past Google Books", "Uganda and Its Peoples: Notes on the Protectorate of Uganda, Especially the Anthropology and Ethnology of Its Indigenous Races", "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros by Iain Walker (Review)", "Book review. This also leaves more habitat for wildlife and keeps farms close to home. [72] In the video games Halo 2 and Halo 3, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns.[73]. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. A large school of slingers at Sodwana Bay, South Africa Anthony Grote (Photographer of the Year 2016 Entrant), ? Chami, F. A. Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. The east coast of Africa holds a bounty of life that rivals the land. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. Princeton, Princeton University Press. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. The Swahili term "dhow" encompasses a diversity of sailing ships, from coastal fishing boats to ocean-going vessels. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. [28] Some researchers have suggested that North Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. At the same time, inland areas were restored, enabling mangroves to adapt to sea level rise. [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. Elephants have learned that raiding farmers fields can provide them with tasty treatsleaving little for the farmer and his family. [27] There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. Africa has a huge range of coastline which borders not only two oceans, but two seas as well. This photo depicts a portion of the base of the smack, illustrating the dense concentration of jellyfish. ~ Geo Cloete, ? From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. Most of the smaller islands are independent nations, or associated with France, and known as luxury beach resorts . Djibouti, as well as the Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia, have also seen relative stability. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. Local communities need the ability to protect their resources against illegal activities. Area 1,420,236 square miles (3,678,394 square km). Mafia Island, which lies out to sea here, could perhaps be Menouthias, the only island named in both the Periplus and the Guide, although this could also be either Pemba or Zanzibar (perhaps there has been a conflation of all three in the one name). No settlements from this period have been found. At Lake Malawi, they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland (nowadays Malawi), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. To reduce illegal fishing, WWF supports local rangers who monitor artisanal fisheries. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! Experts say it is time . "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." Klemetti, E. (2020), Are we seeing a new ocean starting . East Africa's Coral Refuge is a critical source of food and livelihoods for people all across Kenya and Tanzania. It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population.Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the . We encourage the use of drought resistant and high yield cropssuch as maize and beansand distribute improved seed varieties. WWF works with government and communities to develop land use plans that allow wildlife movement and human use to coexist. The Indian Ocean has cast up a wealth of literature that merges fact and fiction, the most familiar to us being The Seven Voyages of Sindbad as passed down in the The Arabian Nights. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. [62][63] These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration.[64]. Shadows in the water at the Aliwal Shoal, South Africa Christophe Lapeze (Photographer of the Year 2017 Entrant), ? Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the Tana River), Barawa, Angoche, Pate and other coastal towns until the western Indian Ocean was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. It is narrow, swift and strong. Wild dogs, black rhinos and lions also roam its forests and grasslands. Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amlia, Loureno Marques and Entebbe.[68]. And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. The two most striking highlands are in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, where large areas reach elevations of 6,500 to 10,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres). WMAs create opportunities for wildlife tourism, which directly benefits local communities through jobs and revenue. This includes some of the biggest animals in the sea: whale sharks, giant manta rays, humpback whales, dolphins, tiger sharks, and all the colors and wonder of tropical fish and coral reefs. This region already suffers from unpredictable rainfall and frequent drought, along with intense rains and flooding. WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. It is believed that almost 90% of the entire wildlife of Madagascar is found nowhere else on planet Earth. Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. Ancient Africa's east coast was home to trading cities, a region that subsists primarily on international import and export. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. When ships were powered by sails, the seasonally alternating Indian Ocean monsoon winds allowed for efficient sea voyages up and down the coast. 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