Henry, M.K., Schilling, S., Shults, J., et al. Shaken baby syndrome (SBS), also known as non-accidental trauma (NAT) , is a diagnosis that may include a combination of findings including broken long bones such as arms or legs, skull fractures, brain bleeding and retinal hemorrhages. Optical Coherence Tomography and Visual Outcomes in Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma. January 2023. Ophthalmological lesions in shaken baby syndrome: a retrospective analysis of 133 consecutive cases (1992-2018). December 2018. Age-Related Mortality in Abusive Head Trauma. O'Hara, M.A., Valvano, T., Kashyap, M., et al. Common factors associated with increased risk of child abuse are often individual characteristics, substance abuse, and young age of the parent or caregivers; the age, health, physical, mental, emotional, and social development of the child; history of violence within the family structure; poverty and economic conditions, social attitudes, promotion of violence, and cultural norms of the community; lack of education and resources for the family. Factors associated with poor neurological outcome in children after abusive head trauma: A multicenter retrospective study. Trends in public interest in child abuse in the United States: An infodemiology study of Google Trends from 2004 to 2022. Skin Lesions and Other Associated Findings in Children with Abusive Head Trauma, Ophthalmologic Concerns in Abusive Head Trauma, Subdural Hematoma Rebleeding in Relation to Abusive Head Trauma. January 2016. Fatal Abusive Head Trauma Among Children Aged <5 years - United States, 1999-2014. Child Abuse & Neglect. Pediatric Research. Emergency Radiology. Neurobilogy of Disease. Hymel, K.P., Fingarson, A.K., Pierce, M.C., et al. Vester MEM, Bilo RAC, Loeve AJ, van Rijn RR, van Zandwijk JP. Abusive head injuries in infants: from founders to denialism and beyond. Ghanem MAH, Moustafa TA, Megahed HM, et al. Pediatric Radiology. The diagnostic performance of chest computed tomography in the detection of rib fractures in children investigated for suspected physical abuse: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Unexplained mechanism of subdural hematoma with convulsion suggests nonaccidental head trauma: A multicenter, retrospective study by the Japanese Head injury of Infants and Toddlers study (J-HITs) group. April 2022. But the Court of Criminal Appeals stopped his death, sending the case back to the trial court for further review after the scientific consensus on shaken baby syndrome shifted. Abusive Head Trauma in Child Maltreatment-Related Homicide Cases in the United States: An Analysis of the National Violent Death Reporting System Data- 20122017. Ruest S, Kanaan G, Moore J, & Goldberg AP. August 2022. March 2022. The Eyes Have It: How Critical are Ophthalmic Findings to the Diagnosis of Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma? Disability and visual outcomes following suspected abusive head trauma in children under 2 years. Protzenko, T., &Salomo, J.F. Facing the loss of siblings in childhood: Interactions and dynamics between bereaved siblings and their parents. Benign extracerebral fluid collection complicated by subdural hematoma and fluid collection: clinical characteristics and management. The Journal of Pediatrics. Raoof N, Pereira S, Dai S, Neutze J, Grant CC, Kelly P. BMJ: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine. Forensics Science International. Orman, G., Kralik, S.F., Desai, N.K., et al. Gunda D, Cornwell BO, Dahmoush HM. Disparities in detection of suspected child abuse. Pfeiffer H, Cowley LE, Kemp AM, et al. Caron, F., Tourneux, P., Kuekou, H.T., et al. After years of courtroom scrutiny over the now-questionable science of "shaken baby syndrome," the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals decided Wednesday that doubt surrounding the cause of his daughter's death was not enough to overturn Robert Roberson's death sentence. Pediatric Emergency Care. February 2019. Oh A, Olson LD, & Chern JJ. April 2017. Prevalence of metaphyseal injury and its mimickers in otherwise healthy children under two years of age. Eide P, Djuve A, Myklebust R. et al. Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England. Suh DW, Song HH, Mozafari H, & Thoreson WB. Frequencies and occurrences of violence prior to a diagnosis of shaking. January 2023. JAMA Netw Open. Evaluating abusive head trauma in children < 5years old: Risk factors and the importance of the social history. Catherine Adamsbaum, et al. Nuo M, Pelissier L, Varshneya K, Adamo MA, Drazin D. J Neurosurg Pediatr. Combatting misinformation about abusive head trauma: AAP endorses new report. van Rijn, R., Robben, S.G., Fronczek, J., et al. European Radiology. Pediatric Radiology. December 2021. Regeffe, F., Chevignard, M., Millet, A., et al. November 2015. Raynor E, Konala R, and Freemont A.Forensic and Legal Medicine. When an infant or toddler is shaken, the brain bounces back and forth against the skull. Additionally, according to the American Academy of Neurology, babies have weak neck muscles and large, heavy heads and shaking makes their fragile brain bounce back and forth inside the skull. Shaken Baby Syndrome is seen most frequently in those younger that 6 months old, but can occur up to the age of three. Child Abuse & Neglect. Paediatric abusive head trauma in the emergency department: A multicentre prospective cohort study. August 2017. January 2020. Neuroradiology. Why admitted cases of AHT make a low quality reference standard: A survey of people accused of AHT in France. Prevalence, Patterns, and Clinical Relevance of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injuries in Children Exposed to Abusive Head Trauma, Advanced Cervical Spine Imaging in Abusive Head Trauma: An Update on Recent Literature and Future Directions, Eight-year outcome of implementation of abusive head trauma prevention, Racial and Ethic Disparities and Bias in the Evaluation and Reporting of Abusive Head Trauma, The Eye Examination in the Evaluation of Child Abuse, Development of a Model of Hemispheric Hypodensity ("Big Black Brain"), Pathology of Permiacular Folds due to Vitreoretinal Traction in Abusive Head Trauma, The Big Black Brain: Subdural Hemorrhage with Hemispheric Swelling and Low Attenuation, Factors influencing child protection professionals' decision-making and multidiscliplinary collaboration in suspected abusive head trauma cases: A qualitative study, Acceptablity of the Predicting Abusive Head Trauma (PredAHT) clinical prediction tool: A qualitative study with child protection professionals, Combatting misinformation about abusive head trauma: AAP endorses new report, Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome). A descriptive study of accidental skeletal injuries and non-accidental skeletal injuries of child maltreatment. JAMA Pediatr. Kelly JP, Feldman K, Wright J, Ganti S, Metz JB, & Weiss A. Documenta Ophthalmologica. January 2023. Child Abuse & Neglect. January 2023. Pediatric Central Nervous System Imaging of Nonaccidental Trauma: Beyond Subdural Hematomas. ICD-10-CM Codes for the Identification of Abusive Head Trauma in Administrative Datasets. 2022 Annual Report. Narang, S.K., Sachdev, K.K., Bertocci, K., et al. Timely recognition of retinal hemorrhage in pediatric abusive head trauma evaluation. Improving Follow-Up Skeletal Survey Completion in Children with Suspected Nonaccidental Trauma. June 2022. August 2022. The diagnosis and management of abusive head injuries in infancy in Egypt. Berger R and Lindberg DM. Kim, H., Flowers, N., & Song, E.J. Short-Term Effects of Tax Credits on Rates of Child Maltreatment Reports in the United States. Diagnostic Tools in the Detection of Physical Child Abuse: A Systematic Review. Cerebrospinal Fluid Interaction with Cerebral Cortex during Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma. Infant deaths can be further classified into neonatal (0-27 days) and postneonatal (28 days-under 1 year) periods. Pediatrics. Selective Skeletal Surveys for Infants With Skull Fractures: Examining the Rates of Return to Medical Care for Concern of Physical Abuse. Imaging and reporting considerations for suspected physical abuse (non-accidental injury) in infants and young children. Gao, Q., Tong, L., Tang., L., et al. Med Sci Law. June 2021. Hennocq, Q., Adjed, C., Chappuy, E., et al. More data, more questions: No simple answer about which children should undergo screening neuroimaging for clinically occult abusive head trauma. December 2022. Increased Mortality in Very Young Children with Traumatic Brain Injury Due to Abuse: A Nationwide Analysis of 10,965 Patients. Dec. 2016. Journal of Neurology. A CT (computed tomography) scan is an X-ray technique that produces a detailed cross-section of tissue structure. The Shaken Baby Alliance; National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome; Call for Help. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Milner, J.D., Hartnett, D.A., DeFroda, S.F., et al. Abusive Head Trauma: Understanding Head Injury Maltreatment. Deeg, K.H. Accuracy of the history of injury obtained from the caregiver in infantile head trauma, The classic metaphyseal lesion and traumatic injury, Validation of the Pittsburgh Infant Brain Injury Score for Abusive Head Trauma, Fatal Abusive Head Trauma Among Children Aged <5 years - United States, 1999-2014, Preventing Shaken Baby Syndrome: Evaluation of a Multiple-Setting Program, Rapid MRI evaluation of acute intracranial hemorrhage in pediatric head trauma, The natural history of retinal hemorrhage in pediatric head trauma. October 2020. 2017 Health of Women Who Have Served. Pediatric Neurosurgery. Simon, C.L., Ude, I., Levin, M.R., et al. Abusive head trauma in India: imaging raises the curtain. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Berger RP, Fromkin J, Herman B, Pierce MC, Saladino RA, Flom L, Tyler-Kabara EC, McGinn T, Richichi R, Kochanek PM. An infants brain has a higher water content and less myelination than an adult brain and is more gelatinous and is easily compressed and distorted within the skull during a shaking episode. December 2015. Identifying Predictors of Physical Abuse Evaluation of Injured Infants. Sept. 2018. Child Abuse & Neglect. Neurochirurgie. November 2022. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. Retinal Haemorrhages in Childhood Encephalopathies: Review of a Prospective Research Programme. Pediatric Neurology. February 2023. Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) occurs when a person violently shakes a baby. Pathophysiological and behavioral deficits in developing mice following rotational acceleration-deceleration traumatic brain injury. January 2020. Incidence of hospitalization for abusive head trauma in Chiba City, Japan. Yoon, S., Lee, Juyoung, Jun. A descriptive study of accidental skeletal injuries and non-accidental skeletal injuries of child maltreatment. Using Computed Tomography skeletal surveys to evaluate for occult bony injury in suspected non-accidental injury cases A preliminary experience. Deora, H., Mishra, Ajit, Gupta, R. Child's Nervous System. April 2022. Perception of male and female infant cry aversiveness by adult men. April 2021. Oct. 2018. Injuries like Charlie's are sometimes referred to as "shaken baby syndrome", but the medical term is abusive head trauma (AHT). Predictors for Nonaccidental Trauma in Child with a Fracture - A National Inpatient Database Study. Joseph, B., Sakran, J., Obaid, O., et al. August 2018. International Journal of Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice. Ridings, L.E.,Espeleta, H.C., Streck, C.J., et al. July 2020. Hymel, KP., Armijo-Garcia, V., Musick, M., et al. SBS is a type of inflicted, non-accidental or abusive headinjury caused by shaking (either alone or combined with animpact). December 2021. Lee G.S, Lindberg, D.M., Frasier, L., et al. Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma after abuse evaluation. Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Use of Safe Sleeping Practices for Children of All Ages : . Journal of Pediatrics. Pediatrics. Magnetic resonance imaging of optic nerve and optic sheath hemorrhages in child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect. Clinical history, physiologic data, and imaging are the three (3) sources physicians use to establish the timing of head injuries. Evaluations for abuse in young children with subudral hemorrhages: findings based on symptom severity and benign enlargment of the subarachnoid spaces. Child maltreatment-related children's emergency department visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut. Warner N, McCans KM, Levin AV. Retinal hemorrhages in abusive head trauma with atraumatic neuroimaging. Understanding Bilateral Skull Fractures in Infancy: A Retrospective Multicenter Case Review. Factors associated with poor neurological outcome in children after abusive head trauma: A multicenter retrospective study. July 2022. Sat 18 Sep 2021 16.00 EDT Last modified on Sat 18 Sep 2021 16.01 EDT. The medical and social outcomes in 2016 of infants who were victims of shaken baby syndrome between 2005 and 2013. Rebbe R, Mienko JA, & Martinson ML. Journal of Neurosurgery. SBS occurs when a baby is shaken repeatedly, often by a frustrated caretaker in . Risk of Traumatic Brain Injuries in Infants Younger than 3 Months With Minor Blunt Head Trauma. Development of a screening MRI for infants at risk for abusive head trauma. In 2018, in two separate Gold Coast homes, . Abusive head trauma: experience improves diagnosis. February 2023. Ryan ME, Jaju A, Ciolino JD, Alden T. Neuroradiology. It is caused by violent shaking or blunt impact. Bass DI, Lee A, Browd SR, et al. Effectiveness of Educational Materials Designed to Improve Knowledge Regarding Crying and Shaken Baby Syndrome in Mothers of Hispanic Population. The natural history of retinal hemorrhage in pediatric head trauma. Using Computed Tomography skeletal surveys to evaluate for occult bony injury in suspected non-accidental injury cases A preliminary experience. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the abrupt and unexplained death of an infant less than 1-year old. Annals of Emergency Medicine. $5.7 Million Cost per SBS/AHT Death. Miller, D.C., Stacy, C.C., Duff, D.D., et al. Learn more about SBS and how to . Flawed Swedish study on traumatic shaking is already being used by defence lawyers and its findings must be ignored. Comparison of abusive head trauma versus non-inflicted subdural haematoma in infants: A retrospective cohort study. Child Abuse & Neglect. Trends in Homicide Rates for US Children Aged 0 to 17 Years, 1999 to 2020. Child's Nervous System. Sept. 2018. Journal of Child and Family Studies. A perfect storm: The distribution of tissue damage depends on seizure duration, hemorrhage, and developmental stage in a gyrencephalic, multi-factorial, severe traumatic brain injury model. Risk Factors for Maltreatment in Siblings of Abused Children. In Bexar County, 88 infants have died in the past from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, or SIDS, which is when a child dies unexpectedly before their first birthday. June 2021. June 2019. SIDS occurs when a baby dies of unexpected reasons, usually while sleeping, before reaching age 1. Retinal haemorrhages have a high positive predictive rate for abusive head injury. Journal of Pediatric Emergency Care. Kaya, A.,elik, D., & Efe, E. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing. May 2018 [epub ahead of print]. Lawson, M., Tully, J., Ditchfield, M., et al. May 2021. June 2020. Kriss, S., Morris, J., & Martich, V. American Journal of Roentgenology. Neonatal Abusive Head Trauma without External Injuries: Suspicion Improves Diagnosis. Factors Associated With Referral of Children With a Femur Fracture to a Social Worker by an Orthopedist for Suspected Child Abuse. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. Management of Traumatic Epidural Hematoma in Infants Younger than One Year: 50 Cases Single Center Experience. Evaluating abusive head trauma in children <5 years old: Risk factors and the importance of the social history. Hartwell, M. Hendrix-Dicken, A.D., Sajjadi, N.B., et al. Clinical Pediatrics. Traumatic axonal injury: neuropathological features, postmortem diagnostic methods, and strategies. The prevalence of non-accidental trauma among children with polytrauma: A nationwide level-I trauma centre study. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. Photographic assessment of retinal hemorrhages in infant head injury: the Childhood Hemorrhagic Retinopathy Study. Edwards GA, Maguire SA, Gaither JR, & Leventhal JM. Abusive head trauma is the primary cause of death and disability in infants and young children from child abuse. Ocular Manifestations of Child Abuse. Sept. 2018. Costine-Bartelle B, McGuone D, Price G. et al Journal of Neurotrauma. Dudas L, Petrohoy G, Esernio-Jenssen D, et al. It can lead to brain damage and death. The incidence of abusive head injury in children is highest in infancy and less frequently seen in children over 3 years of age. 2. Utility of three-dimensional and reformatted head computed tomography images in the evaluation of pediatric abusive head trauma. A 1987 study reviewed 48 cases of "shaken baby syndrome" in the Philadelphia area and found that of the 13 fatalities, all had signs of impact, too. Pediatric Emergency Care. 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