b. along a continuum A set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to further the understanding of numerical data. All of these. During the previous winter MIU had been involved in a major construction project (a domed structure for the practice of levitation). It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. The survivors were the finches with beaks closest to either of the two extremesa demonstration of how competition eliminates intermediate beaks and forces each species to specialize in seeds of one size. An explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. Favor outcomes for which no explanation already exists. Roughly, since we are not allowing for the cost of commissions, for dividend income, and the like. For singular explanations, ask whether this sort of explanation is known to occur and, if so, if it occurs more frequently than do the leading alternative explanations. As we have seen, explanations that make good sense are those for which we have an adequate conceptual frameworkfor which we have a reasonably good account of the causal mechanisms involved. The term prior, in this case, means that the probability calculation must be done prior to your making any judgment about the explanation itself and prior to your making any observations pertinent to the observable outcome. Suppose the phone rings and you pick it up, only to hear the click of someones hanging up on the other end. No one would have expected a comet in December 1758 unless they were assuming the Newtonian explanation; such an event would have been extremely improbable. And the argument concludes with the assertion of the explanation. Any performance significantly better or worse than the students current mean level of competence would be largely a matter of chance. Also termed a theory or an explanatory hypothesis. General explanations are typical of science, though are not restricted to it. The point is not that the world is necessarily simple, any more than the world is necessarily filled only with frequently occurring or nonmysterious things. Formulate a hypothesis. d. internal versus external General explanationsNewtonian celestial mechanics, for exampleare intended to apply broadly; Newtons theories explain the motion of all heavenly bodies at all times. Said author Delgado, We have been conned. A relationship between variables in which they increase (or decrease) together. What is the name given to this step of the scientific method? You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. My friend was right. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure. Structure an explanatory argument, when it would be loyal to do so, as follows: the first premise states that if the explanation is correct, then a specified outcome of it will be observable; the second premise states that the outcome has been observed; and the conclusion states that the explanation is thus correct. c. students with good leadership and communication skills The planet is too dim to be seen, but the scientists said they are convinced it is there because the pulsar emits radio signals that vary in a way that can best be explained by the gravitational tug of a nearby planetthe waves are a bit early for three months, then for three months arrive a bit late. c. reactive versus hostile Is the if-clause offered as superior to alternative explanations of the then-clause? But the first one, Torricellis, has a higher prior probability because it is simpler, due to its prediction of a smoother curve. Influenced by the confirmation bias, you proposed a number that would confirm your preferred answer. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. In 1695, Edmund Halley began to ponder whether Newtons account of celestial mechanics was correct and, in particular, whether it applied to the motion of comets. Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? e. b and c, a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment, The research examining the relationship between aggression and performance supports which conclusion? Cells carry out the functions necessary for life. Then state whether it is general or singular and whether the explanation or the observable outcome came first. e. none of the above, b. behavior directed toward the goal of harming a person who is motivated to avoid such treatment, Smith's research concerning violence in hockey showed that So my jealousy explanation flunks the test for low prior probability. And my wife has never smoked anything. Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? Just as a good explanatory argument rules out coincidence, it also rules out deception. e. as a linear function, The general aggression model proposes that the probability of aggression increases because of I thought somebody must be barbecuing. b. Null hypothesis : this is known as the default hypothesis.It states that He had a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. Look for coincidence as an alternative explanation. WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. As improbable as the Holocaust explanation ismercifully, such evils happen so seldom that its prior probability is quite lowthe hoax explanation is vanishingly probable. What distinction (if any) is there between a scientific theory and a conceptual one that might lead you to disagree with this argument? Also, the doctors reported, an extensive battery of pulmonary function tests failed to produce the kinds of findings that are characteristic of an asthmatic. Explanatory arguments are probably the most fundamental and frequently used of all arguments, both in science and in everyday life. Find three images of sound in the poem and three instances of silence. Its like coming back from the dead. . Franklin D. Trumpy, Skeptical Inquirer (Concern yourself with the inference made by Dr. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Ive really slimmed down. According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. until police arrived and took him into custody. Dont worry about whether the outcome has much likelihood of being true (since that has to do with the truth of premise 2, not with the logic of the argument). This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. c. Small-scale, on-the-field aggressive acts serve as triggers for crowd aggression. First American psychologist. One other possible explanation is that as the pulsar spins it might be wobbling due to some strange effect in the inside of the star, though such an effect is not understood and has never been observed before. e. all of the above. c. They are affected by team (group) pressures. A colleague visited several Washington-area bookstores and slipped a small note into about 70 books . Lack noticed that on an island shared by two species of finches, ones beak was markedly smaller than the others. Which of the following defines hypothesis? c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. Two ways of distinguishing themaccording to chronology and to generalitycan be especially helpful. He decided to study the environmental impact of this herbicide on blue jay reproduction. Suppose Halley had decided to look for confirmation of Newtons celestial mechanics by studying the sun rather than comets and, based on Newton, had confidently predicted that the sun would rise the next day. Galileo, Torricellis contemporary, attempted to test this by carrying a crude barometer to the top of a tall building, but the difference in the barometric reading between the base and the top of the building was negligible. The correct form for an explanatory argument, assuming that P is the explanation and Q is the observable outcome, is this: The first premise, often implicit, states that the explanation enables you to predict the observable outcomethat it really is an outcome. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? There are two types of hypothesis. The empirical method of study is based on ________. Its a favorite of macabre schoolchildren. And so I do. Nevertheless, we clarify and evaluate the argument just like the comet argument. This tentative explanation can either be proved or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments. A second way of distinguishing among explanatory arguments is in their level of generality. Also termed the data, the prediction, or the facts. You might be impressed until you learn that I asked all 30 students in my class to stand up and try to toss heads. Conduct the experiment over and over again. b. frustration-aggression theory My employer values me. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. The fact remains that she tossed heads, on demand, five times in a row, but you now realize that coincidence is at least as good an explanation as talentafter all, how many people can actually toss heads whenever they want?and you are likely to lose interest. If there are too many blanks, then the explanations prior probability is too low for the argument to be logically strong. we know that, option c. An increase in fam. But it is possible to specify the lowest hurdle that must be cleared. Where in the tropics could an English army doctor have seen much hardship and got his arm wounded? This tentative explanation can either be proved or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments. c. with the intent to harm psychologically. The second part of the total evidence condition for explanatory arguments is this: the probability of the explanation must not be implausibly low and must be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. 16. A process of examination and discovery of natural phenomena that involves making observations, constructing hypotheses, testing predictions, experimenting, and drawing conclusions and revising them as necessary. WebThe explanatory hypothesis is the heart of the case formulation. Write a paragraph about the 1760 s in the American colonies in which you use these vocabulary words: Why did Austria-Hungary object to Serbia's desire to establish an independent state? But the problem is that there is at least one alternative explanation that occurs much more frequently. There we have the marine. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. Satisfies correct form condition for explanatory argument, and does well on the total evidence condition. a. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and applies to the motion of comets. A medical student has been reading intensively about various diseases of the nervous system. Observable outcome: As my horoscope says, at 3:00 today my bank will call and tell me that they have gone bankrupt and my life savings is lost. Competition for food among finches on Galapagos causes the extremes in beak sizes. In others, the outcome is first observed, then the explanation is invented to account for it; although these are subject to exactly the same evaluative conditions as the first sort, we can more easily be fooled by them. When I went back to that house, the door was open and I could hear a loud argument coming from another room, so I sneaked in and quietly retrieved my pipe. An intellectual activity, encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. unintentional aggression. No more mice. A hypothesis that does not generate a testable prediction is not useful. Halley was especially interested in a comet he had observed in 1682. It must establish an alternative explanation for a phenomenon. Higher expectations by teachers and by themselves causes students to perform better. Which of the following would be classified as an aggressive act? Several of the younger trees by Beaver Creek stream are now nothing more than two-foot posts sticking out of the ground; the treetops are nowhere around, and the top of each stump comes to a curious point. Part Four: Evaluating the Truth of the Premises. c. rewarding sportspersonlike behavior But the editors at. I have a pretty young wife (my second) whom Ive always trusted until last Friday night when I came home, put on my bathrobe and found a well-used pipe in the pocket! This is an example of. Deduce what? said he, petulantly. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. The explanations prior probabilitythat is, its probability prior to judging whether the observable outcome is truemust not be implausibly low and it must be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. b. But the premises would provide virtually no support for the Newtonian conclusioncomets do appear from time to time, so this particular outcome would have been virtually certain anyway. Which of the following have shown the strongest relationship? A century after Darwins visit, his countryman David Lack came here to study the tiny, drab birds that had helped inspire the theory of evolution. You probably already suspect that its the set of all even numbers; but before I make you commit to that answer, I offer you the opportunity to test your answer by suggesting one more number that is either in or out of the set. 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