The Italians demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. She smuggled him into West Germany by car. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Italy and the Second World War (1940-1945), Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, German police officers convicted of murder, Military history of Italy during World War II, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0304/1224291271284.html?via=mr, http://catholicexchange.com/2009/02/25/116165/, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915344,00.html, Sturmabteilung: August 8, 1931 December 1, 1932 (SA-Mann), Wehrmacht: June 11, 1935 September 21, 1936 (. OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. He would never join his diocese. In 1975, he was diagnosed with cancer. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Maelzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 and the SS in 1933. He also coordinated the rescue of downed pilots, providing them with food, medicine and safe houses throughout Italy. Kappler was also never affiliated with the Waffen-SS and spent the war performing "behind the lines" police and security duty. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 at the age of twenty three. On 19-04-1972, he married Anneliese Viktoria Wenger (born 1925), a homeopath and mother of three already grown children from a first marriage divorced in 1955 (including Eckehard and Ekkehard Walther, who was with her in Rome) In 1962, after hearing about Kapplers fate from a patient for the first time, she wrote to him and sent food parcels. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase, Kappler, a chain smoker, weighed less than 105 pounds at the time and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. Kappler's activities between 1929 and 1931 are little known, except that he was living in Stuttgart, occasionally performing work as an electrician. During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr. By 1929, he was a certified electrician, still living in Stuttgart. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70. While there, he asked to speak to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty agreed. Kapplers second in command in Rome, SS-Captain. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. Kappler ordered a white line painted at the entrance to St. Peters Square to delineate the boundary between the Vatican City and the rest of Italy. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. On a visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about (104 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. Kappler was in charge of Jewish roundups for deportations to Auschwitz. Arrest and Later Life. Other One month ago 0 answers 1 views. He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. [11][12], Kappler organised the Ardeatine massacre, in which 335 Italian civilians were killed on 24 March 1944 in response to a direct order from Adolf Hitler to "kill 100 Italians for each German", in retaliation for an attack by the Italian Resistance that had resulted in the deaths of 33 men of the SS Police Regiment Bozen's garrison in Rome. WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. Kappler attended four years of elementary school (Volksschule) followed by four more of high school and graduated in 1925. Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. Fortunately, they did not storm the Vatican because of its unique status. For his role in several atrocities, including the Ardeatine Massacre (the slaughter of 335 civilians in the Ardeatine Caves), the Nazi chief was sentenced to life in prison. Toget about, he donned various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican. It came from a book about an Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of the French Revolution. Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence; later, he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler . Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. In 1968 she visited him for the first time in the fortress of Gaeta. Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. Vittorio Lattanzio resigned from his position as Minister of Defense in the aftermath of the escape. (1997), Military history of Italy during World War II, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", "Weitere Grber nicht mehr namenlos (neues deutschland)", "La vedova di Kappler a Trento per il culto del Simonino", "Erich Priebke, Nazi Who Carried Out Massacre of 335 Italians, Dies at 100", "Nazi funeral that's forcing Italy to face its past", "Kappler's escape MEETING WITH Hon. Erich Priebke did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. Without hesitation, O'Flaherty took up Kappler's invitation and in prison the two men chatted over coffee. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against the SS Police Regiment Bozen in Rome. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. Walter Ciszek as a fellow political prisoner in the Gulag complex located 300km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag. Kappler was never discharged and technically held this rank during World War II, although by that time Kappler was an active full-time SS member and exempt from further military service. The two lived at an address on Tbingern, Kurzestrasse 15, before later moving to an apartment listed at Stuttgart-Degerloch, Reutlingerstrasse 98. The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) OFlaherty enlisted several VIPs. He was raised in Killarney where his father was a steward on a golf course where the family lived. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. As Nazi police chief in Rome, he ordered the executions in 1944 after a midtown bombing attack by partisans killed 32 SS men. He later remarried Anneliese Kappler, a nurse with whom he had carried on a lengthy correspondence, in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. Therefore, he was allowed to visit POW camps throughout Italy. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. It was also because the Republic of Ireland was neutral during the war. It did not take the Nazis long to realize that OFlaherty was behind the disappearing people. Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. Hugh became a scratch golfer meaning he was quite good. He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20-12-1925. Hugh O'Flaherty, who also often visited him in prison, and with whom Kappler often discussed literature and religion. Herbert Kappler of the German Army carried out a massacre of Italian civilians at the Ardeatine Caves near Rome on March 24, 1944. He died of cancer in 1978, never having been returned to Prison. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, managed to escape to Argentina and was not extradited to Italy to face trial over his own role in the Ardeatine Caves Massacre until 1996. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. Kappler presided over the Ardeatine massacre, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944. He was a man of many faces who used his talent at disguise to help thousands of people escape from the Nazis. The Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919, making life difficult. (Photo by Stefano Montesi/Corbis via Getty Images), 2001 x 2880 px (6.67 x 9.60 in) - 300 dpi - 1 MB. Kapplers days were over. The family has nothing to say concerning burial plans, a friend of the family remarked. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom eventually died in Nazi gas chambers. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Of the citys 9,700 Jews, 5,000 were hidden by the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by OFlahertys group. Kappler was also portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV movie The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. He said the Jews had committed no crime other than being Jews, but were about to be deported to Germany.. Did Herbert Kappler become a Catholic? Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. Kappler prison photo -Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. SS Obersturmfhrer, The head of German police and security services in Rome. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. See the article in its original context from. Italy demanded his extradition, but .West Germany said this was impossible under its Constitution. Irmgard was born on December 9 1908. Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, as the Germans had strong suspicions that it was harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. [2], Due to Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him. Paradoxically, after the war Kappler and O'Flaherty would become friends of sorts.[2]. In 1935, as part of Germany's rearming programs, Kappler was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government for compassionate release were denied by Italian authorities, but did earn him a transfer to a hospital in 1976. Mrs. Kappler said she had received messages of support from people all over the world. He served as the Vaticans diplomat to Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. iie was 70 years old. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/herbert-kappler-dies-nazi-fled-captivity-in-rome-called-a.html. what happened to herbert kappler's first wife. He had served 30 years of a life term imposed by an Italian military tribunal in 1948 for the reprisal killing during World War II of 335 hostages, including 57 Jews. By using this website we assume that you agree with this. He was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film, The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kapplers first meeting with Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty. Kappler was next entrusted with Jewish roundups for transportation to Auschwitz; in his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported with only 16 surviving, and Kappler would later arrange the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom would eventually perish in Nazi gas chambers. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. A particular adversary of Kapplers in this respect was Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape from Rome led to Kappler marking him for assassination. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrian Jews as part of the Holocaust in Austria.[3]. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. He rose to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Since the marriage had remained childless, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home. It was a large and prestigious establishment, owned by an uncle. He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. His first assignment was as a member of an Allgemeine SS formation (the 13th SS-Standarte), operating out of Stuttgart, performing part-time duties as a member of the general SS. In 1934, O'Flaherty received the title of Monsignor. Where is Herbert Kappler buried? Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. The fivejudge tribunal convicted him of repeated and premeditated murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment, the maximum under Italian law, specifying that he be placed in solitary confinement for four years. He was only obeying orders.. It is estimated his group hid over 6,500 people for the remainder of the war in farms, convents, churches, and private apartments. Retrieved from Wikimedia . Mr. Kappler's escape last Aug. 15 from the military hospital, to which he had been transferred because of deteriorating health, caused a political furor. On a visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about 47kg (104lb) at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. Kunigunde was born on August 21 1882. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. Towards the end of 1934, on September 29, he married Leonore Janns who was the same age as Kappler (27 at the time) and came from the city of Heilbronn. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. Thank you for using this website. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. Wellwishers showered the Kappler apartment with flowers and telegrams, and young neoNazis marched along the street below with, Fascist and antiJewish banners. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities, but earned him a transfer to a hospital. His Nazi Party membership number was 594,899. Anyone can read what you share. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. In 1975 Kappler was diagnosed with cancer, but requests for his release were refused. What happened to Herbert Kappler? At his trial in 1948, after six hours, the head of the five-judge military tribunal gravely pronounced the stiffest sentence he could give under Italian law: "life imprisonment, including four years solitary confinement, for repeated and premeditated murder.. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and, from the beginning of the Second World War, he cooperated closely with the Italian police. There was a great sense of letting go." . Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office in Stuttgart. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. The radio play was first broadcast on November 30, 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. In retaliation for the armistice between Italy and the Allies on 8 September 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. Despite the Fascist dictatorship, the war, and racial legislation, the family . In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. Fritz was born on February 23 1876. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. David Alvarez and Robert A. Graham, S.J. The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. Kurtna was last seen in 1948 by Fr. With a portion of Italy under German occupation, those POWs were at risk of being recaptured. See the article in its original context from. She defended these donations on the grounds that she had spent her entire savings to try and secure her husbands release and to care for him while he was a prisoner. By submitting the above I agree to the privacy policy and terms of use of JTA.org, Search JTA's historical archive dating back to 1923. What happened to Herbert Kapplers first wife? During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. Thousands of people escape from the Nazis lifetime conviction ), Kappler died at home in Soltau on. Furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy series of humiliating defeats at the massacre. 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