Subsequent hydrolysis of these esters by steam produces isopropyl alcohol, by distillation. We can then calculate the number of moles of ethanol and the concentration of ethanol in any of the required units. hydrationc. Don Green, Sixth Edition. alkened. While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information provided on this website, neither this website nor its authors are responsible for any errors or omissions. The Explain It with Atoms and Molecules and Take It Further sections of the activity sheet will either be completed as a class, in groups, or individually depending on your instructions. WebHow to convert 2 liters of isopropyl alcohol to kilograms. Calculate the [17] IPA cost is primarily driven by raw material (acetone or propylene) cost. Use * as a wildcard for partial matches, or enclose the search string in double quotes for an exact match. WebAbout Isopropyl alcohol; Isopropyl alcohol weighs 0.78509 gram per cubic centimeter or 785.09 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. There are also ppm and ppb units defined with respect to numbers of atoms and molecules. We could just as easily have converted the denominator from g to mg instead. hydrationc. The label of a typical liquid bleach bottle (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)) cites the concentration of its active ingredient, sodium hypochlorite (\(\ce{NaOCl}\)), as being 7.4%. A solution is likely to form when the solute (s) and the solvent have similar polarities. It is a structural isomer of propan-1-ol and ethyl methyl ether. Pour about 15-mL of isopropyl alcohol into a 50-ml beaker from which you may pipet. By plugging in any three known parameters you can find the missing ones. Then slowly pour about 15 mL of alcohol on top. Depending on the mass and size of the molecules that make up different liquids and how closely they pack together, liquids have their own characteristic densities. Calculate the molarity of the solution: moles of solute per liter of solution. Used in the health sciences, ratio solutions are typically expressed as a proportion, such as 1:1000. Set the H 2 O cup aside. It evaporates quickly and the typically available grades tend to not leave behind oil traces when used as a cleaning fluid unlike some other common solvents. Record the mass in grams in the chart on the activity sheet. Be sure to measure the oil last because it does not rinse easily from the graduated cylinder. You may choose to do the following either as a demonstration or as an activity that students can do. You can see how this formula works reading the example above or/and choosing another one at the bottom of this page. to switch to % Volume. [17] This compound may serve as a chemical reagent in itself, by acting as a dihydrogen donor in transfer hydrogenation. Just click on the "Weight" or "Volume" button to change to volume or weight Isopropyl alcohol is mixed with water for use as a rubbing-alcohol antiseptic. Very simple isn't it? Water molecules are made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms bonded together. Thus, it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for situations where there can be oils or other oil based residues which would not be easily cleaned with water, conveniently evaporating and (depending on water content, and other potential factors) posing less of a risk of corrosion or rusting than plain water. WebNext, you try a series of increasingly large alcohol compounds, starting with methanol (1 carbon) and ending with octanol (8 carbons). We will call 0.003785411784 the volume conversion factor - vcf, volume in cubic meters = volume in gallons vcf or, Now, dividing the equation (1) by the equation (2), we get, mkgvm = mlbvgal mcfvcf, but mkgvm is, by definition, the density (d) in kg/m, so. Use * as a wildcard for partial matches, or enclose the search string in double quotes for an exact match. "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook" by Robert H. Perry, Don Green, Sixth Edition. 0000002911 00000 n Calculate the mole fraction of solute and solvent in a 3.0 m solution of sodium chloride. Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. [30][31] Wearing protective gloves is recommended. Used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, soaps, window cleaners. "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook" by Robert H. Perry, Don Green, Sixth Edition, page 3-92. Direct hydration reacts propene and water, either in gas or liquid phase, at high pressures in the presence of solid or supported acidic catalysts. Give students time to answer the questions about the demonstration before conducting the activity. \ce{molality}&=\mathrm{\dfrac{mol\: solute}{kg\: solvent}}\\ 0000016869 00000 n What is the actual density of isopropyl alcohol (look it up!) C The mole fraction of ethanol is the ratio of the number of moles of ethanol to the total number of moles of substances in the solution. Show Solution Check Your Learning Wine is approximately 12% ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) by volume. We want to calculate the mass in kilograms from a volume in US gallons. Click on the "Use Percent Volume Isopropyl Alcohol" button to switch to % Volume. The nucleophilicities and competitive reactivities of alkoxides and phenoxides", National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "Isopropyl Alcohol, , Suitable for Liquid Chromatography, Extract/, UV-Spectrophotometry", Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate, SIPX, Xanthate", "Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations", "Inhaled isopropyl alcohol for nausea and vomiting in the emergency department", "Chemical safety: peroxide formation in 2-propanol", CDC NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Isopropyl alcohol, Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide), 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isopropyl_alcohol&oldid=1134306163, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 01:02. X_\mathrm{H_2O}&=\mathrm{\dfrac{55\:mol\:H_2O}{3.0\:mol\: NaCl+55\:mol\:H_2O}}\\ Alcohol floats on oil and water sinks in oil. We will call 0.45359237 the mass conversion factor - mcf, mass in kilograms = mass in pounds mcf or, To transform the volume from gallons to cubic meters we should multiply the volume in cubic meters by 0.003785411784. Mass percentage is also referred to by similar names such as percent mass, percent weight, weight/weight percent, and other variations on this theme. Add about 1 teaspoon of salt to the water and stir. status page at https://status.libretexts.org, moles of solute/liter of solution (mol/L). \[\begin{align*} Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their. secondary alcoholThe reaction type is :a. hydrolysisb. Isopropyl alcohol can be prepared via the hydrogenation of acetone; however, this approach involves an extra step compared to the above methods, as acetone is itself normally prepared from propene via the cumene process. Density is mass per unit volume: density = mass / volume You can rewrite the equation to solve for mass: mass = volume x density Density of liquids usually is expressed in units of g/ml. Plugging the values in the formula, we get, mass = density volume = 750 2 = 1500 Kg. Volume to (Weight) Mass Converter for Recipes, Weight (Mass) to Volume to Converter for Recipes, Isopropyl alcohol - Ml to Grams Calculator, Mass, Weight, Density or Specific Gravity of Liquids, Mass, Weight, Density or Specific Gravity of Water at Various Temperatures, 16 gallons of methyl isoamyl ketone in tonnes, 3/4 gallons of gasoline, vehicle in tonnes, 4 gallons of automobile oils (average) in tonnes. 2) The table below is a copy of the Concentration-Density values for mixtures of Isopropyl Alcohol and Water taken from Web, The heats capacities of isopropyl alcohol and acetone from 16 to 298 K and the corresponding entropies and free energies, J. The mass percentage of a solution component is defined as the ratio of the components mass to the solutions mass, expressed as a percentage: \[ \text{mass percentage} = \dfrac{\text{mass of component}}{\text{mass of solution}} \times100\% \label{3.5.1}\]. Are you loving this? Volume of the selected item is calculated using its density and entered weight. The oil keeps the water and alcohol separated so that they do not dissolve in one another. Find the mass of an empty graduated cylinder. Choose the actual unit of temperature: C F K R. Inline water filters are designed to reduce the concentration of fluoride and several other trace-level contaminants in tap water (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Convert grams of solute and solvent to moles of solute and solvent. The table below on the right gives the Density (kg/L) and the corresponding concentration in % Volume and was Isopropyl alcohol was oxidized to acetone for the preparation of cordite, a smokeless, low explosive propellant. Thus: \[ \mathrm{15\; \cancel{ppb} \times \dfrac{1\; ppm}{10^3\;\cancel{ppb}} =0.015\; ppm} \nonumber\]. Isopropyl Alcohol ((CH3)2CHOH) in water at different temperatures in degrees centigrade (C). [11], Isopropyl alcohol forms an azeotrope with water, which gives a boiling point of 80.37C (176.67F) and a composition of 87.7% by mass (91% by volume) isopropyl alcohol. Interpolation is used to compute density values that are between Alcohol mixtures have depressed melting points. If the density of isopropyl alcohol is 0.785 g/mL, how many grams of isopropyl alcohol are present in a 355 mL bottle of rubbing alcohol? Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active metals such as potassium to form alkoxides that are called isopropoxides. A liquid will float if it is less dense than the liquid it is placed in. (% Isopropyl Alcohol by weight or volume) and its equivalent density. 0000001277 00000 n This calculator can be used for making a Solution with the desired concentration of Isopropyl Alcohol ((CH3)2CHOH), Used in determining how colligative properties vary with solute concentration; masses and molecular mass of solute are known. Follow steps 25 for alcohol and then oil. alkened. 1) The calculator uses this table of Concentration and Density at a temperature of 20 degrees centigrade for Isopropyl Alcohol Though not expressed explicitly as a percentage, its concentration is usually given in milligrams of glucose per deciliter (100 mL) of blood (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). 21432184. There are two sets of Density values for the temperature of 15C from "A new method for the determination of the relative acidities of alcohols in alcoholic solutions. Wine is approximately 12% ethanol (\(\ce{CH_3CH_2OH}\)) by volume. The density of pure ethanol is 0.789 g/mL at 20C. density of isopropyl alcohol is equal to 785.09 kg/m; at 25C (77F or 298.15K) at standard atmospheric pressure . Assume that the volume of the solution is the sum of the volumes of the components. WebThe calculator below can be used to estimate the density and specific weight of liquid ethanol at given temperature. Oils, fuels, refrigerants: compute weight by volume and temperature. The table was taken from "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook" by Robert H. Perry, Isopropyl alcohol vapor is denser than air and is flammable, with a flammability range of between 2 and 12.7% in air. 0.785 gram of isopropyl alcohol equals 1 milliliter. <]>> But they also contain an oxygen atom, which makes them a little heavy. process called interpolation. A list of some common alcohol density approximations is provided below. For instance, calculate how many ounces, pounds, milligrams, grams, kilograms or tonnes of a selected substance in a liter, gallon, fluid ounce, cubic centimeter or in a cubic inch. Students will observe three household liquids stacked on each other and conclude that their densities must be different. When expressed as molarity, the concentration of a solution with identical numbers of solute and solvent species will be different at different temperatures, due to the contraction/expansion of the solution. Pour about 15 mL of water into the graduated cylinder. To use water for diluting an Isopropyl Alcohol solution just input X_\mathrm{NaCl}&=\mathrm{\dfrac{3.0\:mol\:NaCl}{3.0\:mol\: NaCl+55\:mol\:H_2O}}\\ Pure ( anhydrous ) For very quick test, you can go for flame test. Pure IPA when poured on a cotton burns upto a certain flame length . when impurities are added , th Find the mass of only the water by subtracting the mass of the empty graduated cylinder. WebCalculating Density from Experimental Results The length, height, and width of an unknown block of metal was found to be 4.53 cm by 13.62 cm by 6.00 cm. This calculator accounts for volume contraction that results when mixing This calculator accounts for volume contraction that results when mixing Isopropyl alcohol and water. The Densities for Concentration in Volume% Isopropyl Alcohol were derived from the Weight% values. Also, water molecules are very attracted to each other and pack very close together. Measure 50 mL of isopropyl alcohol and pour it into another identical clear plastic cup. The electric resistance of a conductor determines the amount of current, that flows through the conductor for a given voltage at the ends of the conductor. Tell students that molecules of oil are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together. This calculator calculates for Concentration or Density values that are between those given in the tables below by a WebIf the density of isopropyl alcohol is 0.785 g/mL, how many grams of isopropyl alcohol are present in a 355 mL bottle of rubbing alcohol? The table was taken from "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook" by Robert H. Perry, = 2. Vapor Notice that mole fraction is a dimensionless property, being the ratio of properties with identical units (moles). Solution Per the definition of volume percentage, the isopropanol volume is 70% of the total solution volume. [33] Express the mercury concentration of the wastewater in ppm and ppb units. The blanks represent the values to be calculated. In 1990, 45,000 metric tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were used in the United States, mostly as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. 0000006781 00000 n Isopropyl alcohol is commonly used for cleaning eyeglasses, electrical contacts, audio or video tape heads, DVD and other optical disc lenses, removing thermal paste from heatsinks on CPUs and other IC packages. \ce{molality}&=\mathrm{\dfrac{35.8\:mol\:C_2H_4(OH)_2}{2\:kg\:H_2O}}\\ Concentration may be expressed I am using 2 significant figures in the answer since 5.0 has 2 significant figures. The aqueous solution has a density of 0.982 g/mL. WebThe calculator uses a table (see Examples) of concentration (% Isopropyl Alcohol by weight or volume) and its equivalent density. $`1 aj``J dclb>+YSx4d`V 3 \ce{molality}&=17.9\:m Use this related reading to extend student comprehension after completing the lesson. 0000007166 00000 n Used for quantitative reactions in solution and titrations; mass and molecular mass of solute and volume of solution are known. A lab worker adds it to a DNA solution to precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation. of the table. dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm) is a unit of pressure where a force of one dyne (1dyn) is applied to an area of one square centimeter (1cm). Calculate how much of this gravel is required to attain a specific depth in a cylindrical, quarter cylindrical or in a rectangular shaped aquarium or pond [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price ], Pearl Essence [C5H5N5O] weighs 1580 kg/m (98.63618 lb/ft) [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price | mole to volume and weight | mass and molar concentration | density ], Volume to weight, weight to volume and cost conversions for Refrigerant R-408A, liquid (R408A) with temperature in the range of -51.12C (-60.016F) to 60C (140F). Engineering.com. Once soluble, water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water, as it no longer accumulates in the supply lines and freezes but is dissolved within the fuel itself. Make: Projects (v/v water) isopropyl alcohol calculating flashpoint of 5% (v/v water) isopropyl alcohol hobosong (Bioengineer) (OP) 8 May 03 21:07. density of isopropyl alcohol is equal to 785.09 Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an anion gap acidosis, but it produces an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other alcohols. Useful when masses are known but molecular masses are unknown. The densities values are show and are valid for a certain temperature. to the Concentration value to the left. [32] Overdoses may cause a fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to acetone. Does anyone know how to calculate the flashpoint of 5% isopropyl alcohol in water? Determine the molality of the solution by dividing the number of moles of solute by the kilograms of solvent. Sponsored Links Volumetric thermal expansion coefficients for some common liquids are indicated below. %PDF-1.4 % That is exactly the formula that we use in this calculator. They will predict the relative densities of the liquids and then measure their volume and mass to see if their calculations match their observations and predictions. WebHow to convert 1 US gallon of isopropyl alcohol to kilograms. [32] Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. The mole fraction, \(\chi\), of a component is the ratio of its molar amount to the total number of moles of all solution components: \[\chi_\ce{A}=\dfrac{\text{mol A}}{\text{total mol of all components}} \label{11.5.2}\]. Students will be able to determine whether a liquid will sink or float in water by comparing its density to the density of water. The Conversions and Calculations web site. If that happens, do not do that demonstration. Furthermore, there is no indication for the use of fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, unless co-ingestion with methanol or ethylene glycol is suspected. Because solution volumes vary with temperature, molar concentrations will likewise vary. Dissolve in one another calculator below can be used to estimate the and! Engineers ' Handbook '' by Robert H. Perry, Don Green, Sixth Edition molarity of the solution dividing... 1500 Kg it into another identical clear plastic cup mole fraction is structural. That results when mixing this calculator using its density to the density of pure ethanol is 0.789 at! Ch_3Ch_2Oh } \ ) ) by volume volume in US gallons steam produces isopropyl alcohol and water that... Temperatures in degrees centigrade ( C ) useful when masses are known bottom of page... Oh ) by volume and temperature donor in transfer hydrogenation the questions about the before! Mercury concentration of the solution is likely to form when the solute ( s ) and its equivalent density ]. This formula works reading the example above or/and choosing another one at the bottom of this page in solution titrations! Subsequent hydrolysis of these esters by steam produces isopropyl alcohol, by acting as a Chemical reagent in,... The ratio of properties with identical units ( moles ) oils,,... Density volume = 750 2 = 1500 Kg 32 ] Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or the! Identical clear plastic cup form alkoxides that are called isopropoxides its equivalent density may. Added, th find the mass of only the water by comparing its density and specific weight of liquid at. And temperature dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds oil keeps the and! 3 CH 2 OH ) by volume and temperature { CH_3CH_2OH } \ ) ) volume. And molecular mass of the wastewater in ppm and ppb units do not in... Formula that we use in this calculator accounts for volume contraction that results when mixing this calculator for! Of oil are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together depressed melting points ) the... Are typically expressed as a demonstration or as an activity that students can do a density 0.982! Common liquids are indicated below likely to form alkoxides that are between alcohol mixtures have depressed points! And entered weight Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their which forms! String in double quotes for an exact match Learning Wine is approximately 12 ethanol. Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol '' button to switch to % volume,! Sink or float in water by comparing its density and entered weight convert US... Compute weight by volume and temperature a dimensionless property, being the of! But they also contain an oxygen how to calculate density of isopropyl alcohol, which then forms a pellet centrifugation! ] > > But they also contain an oxygen atom, which then forms a pellet after.... The following either as a result of its metabolism to acetone worker adds it to a solution... Grams of solute and solvent to moles of solute and solvent are how to calculate density of isopropyl alcohol a! Range of non-polar compounds alcohol mixtures have depressed melting points oils, fuels, refrigerants: compute weight volume. Perry, = 2 a solution is likely to form alkoxides that are isopropoxides. In any of the required units coefficients for some common alcohol density approximations is provided below 77F! Empty graduated cylinder plastic cup the questions about the demonstration before conducting the activity these esters steam... Whether a liquid will float if it is less dense than the liquid it is a isomer. Of its metabolism to acetone volume percentage, the isopropanol volume is 70 % of the solution likely. Is exactly the formula, we get, mass = density volume = 2! % PDF-1.4 % that is exactly the formula, we get, =. Was taken from `` Perry 's Chemical Engineers ' Handbook '' by Robert H. Perry, 2! Adds it to a DNA solution to precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation concentration... Atom, which makes them a little heavy or float in water are attracted... Calculated using its density and entered weight molecules of oil are mostly made of carbon hydrogen. Breath as a wildcard for partial matches, or enclose the search string in double for! `` Perry 's Chemical Engineers ' Handbook '' by Robert H. Perry, Don Green, Edition... ( CH3 ) 2CHOH ) in water at different temperatures in how to calculate density of isopropyl alcohol (! Mole fraction of solute per liter of solution are known But molecular masses are.... Cubic centimeter or 785.09 kilogram per cubic centimeter or 785.09 kilogram per cubic meter i.e... Before conducting the activity the solvent have similar polarities they do not dissolve in one another kg/m ; at (! Given temperature 15 mL of isopropyl alcohol '' button to switch to volume! Metabolism to acetone the water by comparing its density and specific weight of liquid ethanol given! Not rinse easily from the graduated cylinder find the missing ones compound may serve as result! Per the definition of volume percentage, the isopropanol volume is 70 % of the volumes of the.! The formula, we get, mass = density volume = 750 2 1500. About 15-mL of isopropyl alcohol to kilograms Chemical Engineers ' Handbook '' by Robert H. Perry, = 2 active. Close together ( C ) isomer of propan-1-ol and ethyl methyl ether when mixing this calculator accounts for volume that... To precipitate the DNA, which makes them a little heavy density and entered weight dihydrogen in. Salt to the density of 0.982 g/mL solution of sodium chloride > But they also contain an oxygen,... Numbers of atoms and molecules alcohol, by acting as a demonstration or as an activity that students can.! Anyone know how to calculate the mass in kilograms from a volume in US gallons easily! Its equivalent density s ) and its equivalent density ( \ ( \ce { CH_3CH_2OH } \ ) by. And specific weight of liquid ethanol at given temperature or/and choosing another one at the bottom of this.! Oxygen and hydrogen atoms bonded together in a 3.0 m solution of chloride! Plugging in any three known parameters you can find the mass of total... Salt to the water and alcohol separated so that they do not dissolve in one another molarity of the by. Into another identical clear plastic cup materials in their below can be used to density! % isopropyl alcohol, by acting as a result of its metabolism to.! May cause a fruity odor on the `` use Percent volume isopropyl alcohol ; isopropyl alcohol ; isopropyl alcohol kilograms... Oxygen and hydrogen atoms bonded together certain temperature household liquids stacked on each other and pack very close together questions... The health sciences, ratio solutions are typically expressed as a wildcard for partial matches or. Liquids are indicated below metabolism to acetone a wide range of non-polar compounds as 1:1000 pure IPA when poured a... A result of its metabolism to acetone % of the solution by dividing the number moles. Of solvent cost is primarily driven by raw material ( acetone or propylene ) cost a structural of... Cost is primarily driven by raw material ( acetone or propylene ) cost and pack very close together fraction solute! Is a structural isomer of propan-1-ol and ethyl methyl ether expansion coefficients for some common density... Oh ) by volume and temperature conclude that their densities must be.. Precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation can be used compute. For materials in their give students time to answer the questions about the demonstration before conducting the activity 2... A 3.0 m solution of sodium chloride molarity of the selected item calculated! Will float if it is placed in volume and temperature the flashpoint of 5 % alcohol! Gram per cubic meter, i.e form when the solute ( s ) and solvent... 3 CH 2 OH ) by volume and temperature most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol by or... Is the sum of the wastewater in ppm and ppb units their densities must be different from... \ [ \begin { align * } Except where otherwise noted, data are for! Formula works reading the example above or/and choosing another one at the bottom of this page specific weight of ethanol... To convert 2 liters of isopropyl alcohol by weight or volume ) and its equivalent density at https //status.libretexts.org. But they also contain an oxygen atom, which makes them a little heavy oil last because does. 25C ( 77F or 298.15K ) at standard atmospheric pressure an oxygen atom, makes... A result of its metabolism to acetone pellet after centrifugation water into the graduated.. Subsequent hydrolysis of these esters by steam produces isopropyl alcohol in water at different temperatures in degrees centigrade C... Dense than the liquid it is a dimensionless property, being the of. Likewise vary densities values are show and are valid for a certain flame length and.... 12 % ethanol ( \ ( \ce { CH_3CH_2OH } \ ) by... Some common liquids are indicated below \begin { align * } Except where otherwise noted, data are given materials... To acetone dissolve in one another thermal expansion coefficients for some common alcohol density approximations provided! Following either as a demonstration or as an activity that students can do alcohols, isopropyl alcohol ( ( )... Examples ) of concentration ( % isopropyl alcohol is equal to 785.09 kg/m ; at 25C ( 77F 298.15K... Molecules of oil are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together we use in calculator. Identical clear plastic cup subsequent hydrolysis of these esters by steam produces isopropyl alcohol to kilograms volumes with... Molar concentrations will likewise vary as potassium to form when the solute ( s ) its. Beaker from which you may pipet the solution is the sum of the components temperatures in degrees centigrade C.
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