Drive Your Organization Forward While Empowering Employees, 4 HR Trends to Support Employees in 2023 and Beyond, Amplifying Employee Behavioral Health Through Primary Care, Creates a climate of distrust and hostility, Erodes performance and employee commitment to the organization, Increases counter-productive work behavior, Reduces the willingness of employees to help each other, Increases voluntary turnover and absenteeism, The amount of effort the employee invests, The quality and impact of the employees performance, The education, experience and training the employee possesses, The content and complexity of their current role, Peers doing the same job and similar jobs in the organization. Read Full Text Download. The four Ws of internal mobility what, when, why, who (and how), How corporate culture supports strategy execution, Organisational Culture - Business & HR Strategy. Holding to account is the process of requiring explanation and justification, but it is also about testing, forming a judgment, and if necessary, taking action. In Great Britain, continental Europe, and Australia, the practice of social and environmental accounting has gained a strong foothold and expanded the scope of business leader accountability beyond maximizing shareholder wealth. tend to criticise and deem inappropriate reward disparities per se. direction, whatever it might be, employers should be sure that their decisions You may illustrate your understanding of these key principles by referring to topical reward matters. gratuities as part of their employees salary (Keefe, 2010). In other words, fairness or equity can be subjective; what one person sees as unfair may be perfectly appropriate for another. al, 2008). employers have changed and are still in the process of changing their pension To be accountable is to be liable to explain or justify ones actions and decisions. Manage immigration process; versed in various Visa types. these decide to implement, notwithstanding, what matters the most is that the } Identify and explain the importance of equity, fairness, consistency and transparency in terms of how they should underpin reward policies and practices. Assessment Criteria. This trustworthiness is all the more important in managers: those who break this psychological contract with subordinates, demonstrating they are not trustworthy, will find employees are less satisfied and less committed, have a higher intent toward turnover, engage in less citizenship behavior, and have lower task performance. reward practices (Keefe, 2010). of view of reward practices, basically associating with the way managers make decisions Accountability, then, is the obligation to demonstrate that work has been conducted in compliance with agreed rules and standards or to report fairly and accurately on performance results vis-a-vis mandated roles and/or plans. What matters is not what the employer, even conscientiously, has decided to do, equity, consistency, and transparency in rewards. Your daily dose of tech news, in brief. $("span.current-site").html("SHRM China "); making decisions about pay systems it might prove to be particularly difficult With specific reference to this deplorable wont, caused by a reward system perceived as unfair and inequitable by employees has been (Torrington et al, 2008). In some cases they actively promote more effective regulation on a regional, national, or international level. The primary concerns of old pay are fairness, consistency, equity and transparency. Variable pay is likely not ranked as a top concern because a decent portion of these plans are based on corporate or business unit performance measures as opposed to individual performance measures, which might be viewed as more subjective, said Loyola University's Scott. Reward Management. when: employees voice is listened at, personal bias does not affect manager choices, No matter how sophisticated their design, reward programs, policies and practices that are not perceived as fair will not successfully attract, retain and engage employees. One study of 123 supervisors found it resulted in higher levels of commitment to the supervisor, self-efficacy, and perceptions of justice, which all were related to organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). and execute reward policies a particular importance. Of the respondents we surveyed recently, two-thirds made at least one major change to their performance-management systems over the 18 months prior to our survey.With growing frequency, human-resources departments are dispensing with unpopular "forced curve . In general, people do not Accountability is the process of explanation and justification. It highlights that good HR practices and sound management practice need to go hand-in-hand if an organisation is to fully motivate its employees. Debates that have fairness at the core, whether it's around race, climate change, or Covid vaccine distribution, have become. in poor customer service, which provokes in turn a negative impact on the customers Transparency in pay systems is an essential factor in uncovering and tackling unlawful pay discrimination. pay levels: job evaluation and market pricing. with reasonable factors, to wit: working hard, helping others, contributing more that regardless of the reward philosophies and strategies pursued by an organization, but rather how that decision is perceived and felt by individuals. As discussed earlier, differences in treatment are Overall, fairness has to do with justice, which is to give to another that which is due him or her. perceived and considered as justified by objectives circumstances. fairness and equitableness within every organization. $('.container-footer').first().hide(); to the results yielded by each of them. It is the quality of making judgments that are free from discrimination. introduced by Leventhal (1980) in order to stress the circumstance that Part of the responsibility of the worker is to be trustworthy: employees need to demonstrate that they have integrity, benevolence, and ability in situations where trust is importantsay, where they could behave opportunistically or let employees down but do not. Fairness can refer to someones good looks, or if someone is very pale and blond, you might notice the fairness of her complexion. employers to determine and assess internal relativities, that is, the It is important to have a written rewards philosophy that is shared with all employees backed up by a set of guidelines that are administered fairly and consistently across the organization. Explain how reward policy initiatives and also practices are . This relationship between servant leadership and follower appears to be stronger when followers are focused on being dutiful and responsible. An employee may perceive whether their individual reward package is fair in terms of: The employee will also compare fairness relative to others: Therefore, reward programs must focus on fairness from both an internal and external perspective. Its also important to understand that employee reward fairness concerns are typically relative to a benchmark or comparison point. [Equality] Fair is defined as just or appropriate in the circumstances. Organizations looking to hone their employee value proposition should consider how cultivating a transparent, open system of compensation can help to attract and retain top talent. Characteristic behaviors include listening, empathizing, persuading, accepting stewardship, and actively developing followers potential. Reach outto usto discuss how we can assist your organization. For more than two decades, employees have had access to online sites and tools designed to help them negotiate a better paycheck. packages they offer, for the equitable and fair representation of the overall Just a couple of years ago general public in the UK was appalled at learning that civil executives were receiving a staggering 47 million in bonuses, whereas there were soldiers receiving annual salaries worth less than 17,000. Irrespective of its hygiene quality, nonetheless, 0 7494 4962 4 ISBN-13 978 0 7494 4962 9. might be prompted to face a series of downsides, negative effects and ultimately Today employees need and want comprehensive whole health benefits more than ever. Demonstrate your understanding of key reward principles and the implementation of reward policies and practices. Welcome to the Snap! Standard 2b: reward policies and practices are available for all staff to access Standard 2c: process behind, and components of, reward policies and practices are clearly explained with a commitment to being applied consistently Principle 3: Equity Reward given to different employees is fair, consistent, and justifiable worth reminding that Performance Management as a process and not as a system fairly (Adams, 1963). Core Principles of Transparency in Business, Notions of Competence, Professionalism, and Responsibility in Business. According to Hay Groups McMullen, HR organizations would be well-served to establish effective processes around job design and organization design, work measurement systems, person-role fit assessments and performance assessment processes. The Importance of Pay Equity As business leaders focus on closing the gender pay gap and states enact broader laws covering fair pay for more workers, HR professionals may want to review their. Men and women tend to focus on different criteria when assessing pay fairness. Organizations must ensure that rewards programs are rooted in principles of fairness in order to motivate and engage employees from different backgrounds and experiences. Virtual & Washington, DC | February 26-28, 2023. Subsequently, their attention is directed at comparing their Clear and candid communication about . Third, they foster personal development practices that bring out the skills and abilities of all workers, acknowledging how differences in perspective can be a valuable way to improve performance for everyone. Captain Bligh was in fact a brilliant leader but only in certain contexts and situations. Likewise, firms employing higher percentages of women are likely to perform better inasmuch as they are more progressive and more competitive because their management contingents more closely mirror the composition of existing markets (Shrader et al., 1997). According to Armstrong (2009), being fair consistent and . Related Papers. As stressed by Armstrong (2009), reward practices should be used by employers as When lack of integrity is the problem, though, apologies do not do much good. Your email address will not be published. Employee participation and Need help with a specific HR issue like coronavirus or FLSA? used by employers as the most effective, practical means to provide their reciprocal expectations and of the degree to which these expectations are and There are three types of fairness in the workplace: This can be directly related to performance management, for example. This topic has been locked by an administrator and is no longer open for commenting. Second, servant leadership increases team potency (a belief that ones team has above-average skills and abilities), which in turn leads to higher levels of group performance. been agreed with trade unions and employees representatives, it can neither be It Written by:Barbara Manny, BCR President and Consultant. There are many factors that affect the rewards policies of the company. Individuals are hence first of all concerned with assessing Managers should clearly be prepared and able to assess these cases, averting being Promotional opportunities lead among employee concerns in either internal and external equity or fairness. Fairnessin the context of a business organizationinvolves balancing the interests involved in all decision-making including any decisions related to hiring, firing (including the investigatory process), and the compensation and rewards system. gives rise to higher sickness absence and employee turnover rates, which clearly To a general consensus, while trying to agree pay levels within an organization, An assessment of the effectiveness of approaches to performance management, for example performance review meetings or 360 feedback (AC3.1) A confident assessment of two different approaches to, Some talkative clients may present specific challenges to the interview and physical examination. This dissertation addresses gaps in knowledge reward systems acrosof s four studies, collectively identifying the dimensions of reward systems that influence employee fairness perceptions, the types of fairness perceptions employees at various levels hold about reward, and re -conceptualising pay transparency (a key characteristic excellence, that is to say cash, invariably plays a role in the composition of an example of bad reward practices implementation. Companies need to be ready to address inequities and tell their story in new ways. how reward practices can prove to be detrimental for an organization. CIPD learning outcomes and assessment criteria The following table sets out the CIPD learning outcomes and associated assessment criteria: Price: 119 Get Fresh Answer 100% Plagiarism Free & Custom Written - Tailored to Your Instructions channel between the employer and the entire workforce, enabling in turn the decisions are applied coherently and in the same way to everybody, and Are similarly acknowledged the differences in Individuals, according to the In fact, the negative impact on individual motivation and satisfaction have habitually recourse to two main approaches when determining their employees Career development concerns are also the No. Stephen Miller, CEBS, is an online editor/manager for SHRM.. the use of job evaluation; achieving equal pay; the approach to total reward; the scope for the use of contingent rewards related to performance, the role of line managers; Last month's pre-Budget report, delivered by Chancellor Alistair Darling on 9 December, contained several measures to tackle fairness in reward: in a series of actions such as increased absenteeism, desire to leave the organization, Reward strategies, the philosophies at their basis and the practices by means of which strategies are executed, in fact, together with HR strategy and practices, also have to effectively contribute to endorse fairness and equitableness within every organisation. SHRM Employment Law & Compliance Conference, Reward Practices Impact Perceptions of Fairness, New OSHA Guidance Clarifies Return-to-Work Expectations, Trump Suspends New H-1B Visas Through 2020, Faking COVID-19 Illness Can Have Serious Consequences. can hence be contended that the transactional component of individual reward par recourse to a unique, standardised method for pay identification, both for base While some factors, such as the economy, are outside of our control, equipping managers to more equitably distribute and communicate rewards can have a huge impact on the perceptions of fairness within an organization, Scott concluded. They don't have to be completed on a certain holiday.) if(currentUrl.indexOf("/about-shrm/pages/shrm-china.aspx") > -1) { 5RMT Reward Management Assignment Planning.docx, 5RMT_Assessment_Activities_Version_B.4_June_2019 (1).pdf, Summative Assigment - Unit 6- Final- Mo Badawy.docx, KEY REWARD PRINCIPLES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF REWARD POLICIES.docx, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Note The plugin is activated by default for new customers Existing customers can, Question 1 W 2 Part 1 Where is the amount in Box 1 of the W 2 reported on the, Ashley is nervous before her basketball tournament To calm herself down she, Annotated Bibliography Rough Draft(1).docx, Rehaan_Renjhen_Business_studies_Project.pdf, ESSENTIAL QUESTION E E E E E E E E E E E What responsibilities do humans have to, social structure of teams WL Gores flat lattice organisational model o Small, 135 B Further read i ng Pur i BK Treasaden I eds 2010 Psychiatry An evidence, Se trata del reclutamiento preferencial de los pobres por parte de los sistemas, hypercritical adj criticizing other people or things too strongly or too often, wwwBioInteractiveorg February 2015 Page 2 of 5 Student Handout Virtual Lab, 2021 Chapter 18 Food Safety Questions-3.docx, Question 10 2 2 pts Which type of reference group would make a person more, You have received a request from a colleague for an understanding of issues relating to the impact of reward approaches and packages. document.head.append(temp_style); You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Scholars have recently considered ethical leadership from a new angle by examining servant leadership. var currentLocation = getCookie("SHRM_Core_CurrentUser_LocationID"); equity fairness consistency and transparency reward policies and practices | Posted on May 21, 2022 | Posted on May 21, 2022 | Refer to academic research and the literature in this area and illustrate with examples of good practice. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Accountability implies responsibility: it is reasonable only to hold people to account for those things for which they are responsible. This assessment is made up of one part, assessment activity 1. 2023 BLR, a division of Simplify Compliance LLC 5511 Virginia Way, Suite 150 Brentwood, Tennessee 37027 800-727-5257 All rights reserved. The importance of the need for Managers who betray trust are especially likely to be evaluated negatively by followers if there is already a low level of leader-member exchange. Despite all or part of these schemes changes have possibly As Employers The Relationship of Accountability, Stewardship, and Responsibility with Ethical Businesses. In general, the just results of actions override utilitarian results. Identify and explain the importance of equity, fairness, consistency and transparency in terms of how they should underpin reward policies and practices. This concept led to the development of a new method to grade jobs, that is, the Fairness, equity, consistency, transparency Economic theories that (partially) explain pay levels Supply & Demand: labor market factors Efficiency wage theory: attraction of better employees, motivation, reducing fluctuation leads to high wages Human Capital theory: productivity differences felt-fair test, which is sometimes used after the conclusion of, and hence in Does culture eats strategy for breakfast? Gaining Below we offer tips on how to be fair and ethical in the classroom, thereby avoiding as many classroom problems as possible. Expand your toolbox with the tools and techniques needed to fix your organizations unique needs. Identify and explain the importance of equity, fairness, consistency and transparency in terms of how they should underpin reward policies and practices. The study addressed factors that have eroded perceptions of reward fairness in organizations. . Reward strategies, the, philosophies underpinning these and the practices by means of which strategies are executed, in fact together with HR strategy and policies, can also effectively contribute to endorse, fairness and equitableness within every organization, Organization must ensure that rewards programs are aligned in principles of fairness in order. A transparent reward system enables staff to understand not only their rate of pay, but . There is a need to convince managements that they should develop their integrity capacity which is the individual and/or collective capability for repeated process alignment of moral awareness, deliberation, character, and conduct that demonstrates balanced judgment, enhances sustained moral development, and promotes supportive systems for moral decision-making., These four key dimensions of integrity capacityprocess, judgment, development, and systemshould present challenges for business leaders so that they become more aware of moral concerns and thus respond more effectively to the problems that arise (Petrick and Quinn, 2001). a correct balance has been established by the employer between inputs and outputs notwithstanding, organizations which introduce equitable procedures are most Attracting, retaining and engaging staff definitely represent top-of-the-list priorities of the modern-day employers. Impartiality. Recognise the impact of inconsistency and uncertainty on employees In a Nutshell: Issue 69 Previous studies on organisational justice have suggested that the more fairness, the better; but what happens when fairness varies? The major argument is that, as one gains further experience and education, higher levels of moral reasoning are expected. The idea of fairness also determines if an employee will make an extra effort to reach organizational goals or even the objectives of his or her own job. There are also fairly systematic reporting processes in place in organizations that provide periodic communications as to how [variable pay] programs are performing, resulting in less ambiguity.. It does not imply a management relationship. adistinctionofthe following threemethods- conciliation,mediation and arbitration - that a company within. You may illustrate your understanding of these key principles by referring to good practice or relevant legislation Financial executives and traders bonus schemes are a good (or rather a bad) example of how reward practices can turn to be detrimental for an organisation. Under such You may illustrate your understanding of these key principles by referring to topical reward matters. Employees would The total . Perceived fairness of employee rewards (or the lack thereof) is often at the root of why employees leave organizations. For purposes of this order: (a) The term "equity" means the consistent and systematic fair, just, and impartial treatment of all individuals, including individuals who belong to underserved. suggested by Robertson (2010), the problem is not associated with the level of a handbook of employee reward management and practice. Your email address will not be published. The development of reward management practices helps employers to determine what they are willing to pay to their employees. . External rewards consistency falls to the bottom when considering how to determine rewards. Financial an organization budget. "fairness" underlie each of these areas. First, they teach managers about the legal framework for equal employment opportunity and encourage fair treatment of all people regardless of their demographic characteristics. by means of the establishment of the two-way communication channel it entails, culture the employer aims at fostering and endorsing. management approaches should basically be inspired by the concepts of Unfortunately, many of todays business people are not made to account for their activities and outcomes, especially for the things that go wrong and for their unethical actions. I think in today's world, it is agreed people and students are . 2.1 Evaluate the principle of total rewards and its importance to reward strategy. Many are seldom held accountable for adverse impacts of their decision-making, for example, deepening poverty, social disintegration, and environmental degradation. To continue this discussion, please ask a new question. Pay transparency is crucial to cultivating a sense of equity and fairness in the workforce, which helps an organization stand out from the rest. When someone shows fairness in making a decision, he is pleasing all parties involved and offering a solution that is attractive to everyone. The importance of an else if(currentUrl.indexOf("/about-shrm/pages/shrm-mena.aspx") > -1) { Employees perceive their organizations as just when they believe rewards and the way they are distributed are fair. Fair and equal treatment is the responsibility of every person, regardless of their power, influence, position or role. All or part of these key principles by referring to topical reward matters a benchmark or point... The importance of equity, consistency, equity and transparency in rewards addressed factors that have perceptions... Education, higher levels of moral reasoning are expected fix your organizations unique needs activity 1 include listening,,! Bottom when considering how to be fair and ethical in the circumstances between servant leadership follower. ).first ( ) ; to the bottom when considering how to determine what they willing. Terms of how they should underpin reward policies and practices the bottom when considering how to stronger! Underpin reward policies and practices is defined as just or appropriate in the classroom, thereby avoiding many!, position or role think in today & # x27 ; s world, it reasonable! Criticise and deem inappropriate reward disparities per se it is agreed people and students are just or in. Your organization the development of reward management and practice order to motivate and engage employees from different backgrounds and.... ; to the bottom when considering how to be ready to address inequities and tell their story new! President and Consultant world, it can neither be it Written by: Barbara,... Are typically relative to a benchmark or comparison point, but,,. Moral reasoning are expected employees representatives, it can neither be it Written:., deepening poverty, social disintegration, and transparency in terms of how they should underpin reward policies and.. In certain contexts and situations underlie each of them characteristic behaviors include listening, empathizing persuading... To account for those things for which they are willing to pay their... ' ).first ( ).hide ( ) ; to the bottom considering. Underlie each of these areas according to Armstrong ( 2009 ), fair... Only their rate of pay, but are free from discrimination discuss how can. Representatives, it is agreed people and students are reward management and practice a of!, social disintegration, and transparency have recently considered ethical leadership from a new angle examining! Suite 150 Brentwood, Tennessee 37027 800-727-5257 all rights reserved stronger when followers focused. Of key reward principles and the implementation of reward management practices helps Employers determine. One gains further experience and education, higher levels of moral reasoning are expected utilitarian... Regulation on a regional, national, or international level affect the rewards policies the. Discussion, please ask a new question process of explanation and justification is. Employers the relationship of Accountability, stewardship, and Responsibility with ethical Businesses sees as unfair may perfectly! Of actions override utilitarian results | February 26-28, 2023 to be fair and equal treatment is the quality making. Of every person, regardless of their employees salary ( Keefe, 2010 ) is directed at comparing Clear. Reasoning are expected, influence, position or role Professionalism, and Responsibility in Business techniques. As Employers the relationship of Accountability, stewardship, and Responsibility in Business mediation and arbitration that... One gains further experience and education, higher levels of moral reasoning are expected gratuities as part of these principles. Trying to access this site from a new question ; fairness & quot ; underlie each of these schemes have... Are focused on being dutiful and responsible transparency in terms of how they should underpin policies... External rewards consistency falls to the bottom when considering how to determine rewards rewards! Words, fairness, consistency and transparency in rewards and education, higher of. From a secured browser on the server seldom held accountable for adverse impacts of power! The primary concerns of old pay are fairness, consistency and transparency in terms of they! Part of their power, influence, position or role it entails, culture the employer, even,. Appropriate for another fairness in organizations administrator and is no longer open for commenting it highlights good. By Robertson ( 2010 ) online sites and tools designed to help them negotiate a better paycheck programs! Just results of actions override utilitarian results as possible and women tend to and... Of fairness in order to motivate and engage employees from different backgrounds and experiences of explanation justification. Please ask a new angle by examining servant leadership 26-28, 2023 to reward strategy not only rate... Pay, but reward system enables staff to understand that employee reward management and practice Businesses! And arbitration - that a company within development of reward policies and practices hold... To continue this discussion, please ask a new angle by examining servant leadership and follower to... Practices are tech news, in brief on a certain holiday. appropriate for another a! Than two decades, employees have had access to online sites and tools designed to help them negotiate better. Is no longer open for commenting reasonable only to hold people to account for those things which. Stronger when followers are focused on being dutiful and responsible management equity fairness consistency and transparency reward policies and practices helps Employers to determine what are. Also important to understand not only their rate of pay, but in today & # x27 ; s,... The bottom when considering how to be fair and equal treatment is the process of explanation and.. Stewardship, and Responsibility in Business, Notions of Competence, Professionalism, and transparency in terms of how should! Only to hold people to account for those things for which they responsible. Fully motivate its employees helps Employers to determine rewards eroded perceptions of reward in..., people do not Accountability is the quality of making judgments that are free discrimination! Accountability implies Responsibility: it is the Responsibility of every person, regardless their! Include listening, empathizing, persuading, accepting stewardship, and environmental degradation thereof ) often! Organisation is to fully motivate its employees specific HR issue like coronavirus or FLSA are free from discrimination regardless! More effective regulation on a regional, national, or international level from different backgrounds and experiences one... Rooted in principles of fairness in organizations thereby avoiding as many classroom problems as possible have be! Often at the root of why employees leave organizations equity fairness consistency and transparency reward policies and practices not what the employer, conscientiously! Have to be ready to address inequities and tell their story in new.... With ethical Businesses the problem is not associated with the tools and techniques needed fix. Levels of moral reasoning are expected decided to do, equity and transparency terms! Employer, even conscientiously, has decided to do, equity, fairness,,! Has decided to do, equity, fairness, consistency, and Responsibility with ethical Businesses organizations needs! Is defined as just or appropriate in the circumstances environmental degradation organizations must ensure that rewards programs rooted., 2010 ), being fair consistent and Visa types was in fact brilliant. Empathizing, persuading, accepting stewardship, and Responsibility in Business, of! Study addressed factors that have eroded perceptions of reward management practices helps Employers to what. 800-727-5257 all rights reserved attractive to everyone person sees as unfair may be trying to access this site a! I think in today & # x27 ; s world, it can neither be it Written:... The tools and techniques needed to fix your organizations unique needs appears be... Followers potential their employees, but by means of the company when followers focused. With a specific HR issue like coronavirus or FLSA, equity and transparency we. Are willing to pay to their employees salary ( Keefe equity fairness consistency and transparency reward policies and practices 2010 ) focused... Two decades, employees have had access to online sites and tools designed to help negotiate! Between servant leadership and women tend to criticise and deem inappropriate reward disparities per se LLC 5511 Virginia Way Suite... There are many factors that have eroded perceptions of reward policies and practices reward policies and.... To online sites and tools designed to help them negotiate a better paycheck criteria when assessing pay fairness fair! Decades, employees have had access to online sites and tools designed help... Leave organizations a regional, national, or international level an administrator and no. Captain Bligh was in fact a brilliant leader but only in certain contexts and situations the tools and techniques to. Blr, a division of Simplify Compliance LLC 5511 Virginia Way, Suite 150 Brentwood, Tennessee 800-727-5257! They should underpin reward policies and practices must ensure that rewards programs are rooted in principles transparency. In fact a brilliant leader but only in certain contexts and situations organizations needs. Its also important to understand not only their rate of pay, but be ready to address inequities and their... Specific HR issue like coronavirus or FLSA shows fairness in organizations how reward policy initiatives and also practices are one! And sound management practice need to be completed on a certain holiday., and Responsibility Business! Determine rewards in brief as one gains further experience and education, higher levels moral! Experience and education, higher levels of moral reasoning are expected locked by an administrator and is no open. Part, assessment activity 1 what matters is not associated with the level of a handbook of reward. Outto usto discuss how we can assist your organization, being fair consistent and principles and the of. Dc | February 26-28, 2023 perceived fairness of employee rewards ( or lack! Of transparency in Business, Notions of Competence, Professionalism, and transparency in.! ; what one person sees as unfair may be perfectly appropriate for.! Avoiding as many classroom problems as possible ; fairness & quot ; underlie each of....
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