Greater durability and reduced permeability due to fineness. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? Steel slag is residue from the steelmaking process, made of minerals like silica, alumina and titanium from iron sand, and combinations of calcium and magnesium oxides. and a binary index (BI) 2.88, present the highest viscosities. These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low-molecular-weight compounds after the pile temperature is elevated and the presence of slag enhances the polycondensation of these compounds to produce HAs with a higher degree of humification. Moreover, it presents the highest carbon content. High viscosity is perhaps the most obvious factor in the stabilization of BOF-converter foams, and it retards the rate of drainage in the films of the bubbles. Metallurgical cokes affect foaming because of the ash content. Maintenance cost of a steel structure is very high. The slag occurs as a molten liquid melt and is a complex solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling. This makes it susceptible to corrosion. Then, the pipet was rinsed with distilled water. Free calcium and magnesium oxides are not completely consumed in the steel slag, and there is general agreement in the technical literature that the hydration of unslaked lime and magnesia in contact with moisture is largely responsible for the expansive nature of most steel slags. Licensee IntechOpen. Different percentage of GGBFS is added for a different type of construction. One particle of coal can form more than one bubble. Developed countries are now laying tremendous emphasis on: (a) reduction in energy consumption per ton of steel produced and (b) sustainable environmental management. As it is known, converter slags are an extremely complex mix of oxides that determine the slag physical properties such as viscosity, density, surface tension, and others. Steel slag aggregates generally exhibit a propensity to expand. Tufa precipitates have been reported to clog drainage paths in pavement systems.(5). Of more importance is the mineralogical form of the slag, which is highly dependent on the rate of slag cooling in the steel-making process. Gupta, J. D., and W. A. Kneller. Microscopic analysis shows that adding a suitable. Accessibility Nevertheless, when ISD includes the %MnO, the same four slags (E1, E10, E11 and E14) are moved toward the right showing the MnO effect (Figure 4). Also steel isnt renewable while wood is but wood requires more maintenance due to the different ways it is attacked. The water was added to the compound and stirred with a glass-stirring rod until dissolved. Ivanka Netinger Grubea, . The results were correlated with the information of the slag characterization. This information represents a good starting point to optimize the BOF foaming industrial practice. Due to their high heat capacity, steel slag aggregates have been observed to retain heat considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates. Fig 1: Extraction of molten Slag from Blast Furnace. Poor steel slag stability Panning method Process characteristics and process:Pour the hot molten slag into the slag pot and transport it to the side of the slag tray. For this reason, they constitute an alternative for ladle flux substitution. Influence of iron oxide content on viscosity at 1600C. Physicochemical properties of slag and molten metal directly affect the surface and interfacial properties in refining process of molten metal [2]. The use of blast furnace slag as artificial rocks is also possible because they are similar to semi-hard stones. Annually, 21 million tons of steel slag (SS) is produced in the United States. These different slags must be segregated from furnace slag to avoid contamination of the slag aggregate produced. Slags with the chemical and physical properties mentioned are applied in BOF slag coating practice in the industry with good results increasing the lifespan of the lining and protecting the bottom of the converter. The Urbain model [5] and Zaharia, Sahajwalla and Khanna model [17] were used to determine viscosity and surface tension, respectively. This problem can be solved to some extent using anti-corrosion applications. It had been reported that iron and manganese oxides in steel slag enhanced the production of humic acid (HA) from low-molecular-weight compounds, such as phenolic acids, amino acids, and saccharides. Sometimes when a food product is a little more than others it is because the ingredients that make it are the processed like, Procedure and Observations (1,2) The free lime hydrates rapidly and can cause large volume changes over a relatively short period of time (weeks), while magnesia hydrates much more slowly and contributes to long-term expansion that may take years to develop. The relative proportions of these compounds depend on the steel-making practice and the steel slag cooling rate. The iron and steel slag used as aggregates for asphalt roads are iron and steel by-products. Levels for leaching boron from composts prepared by adding slag (0.2-0.4 mg L-1) were obviously higher than the corresponding levels without slag (0.05 mg L-1). 5 Princes Gate Court, Home > Slags recycling in cement production, road buildup, or other applications (that involve soil contact) are subjected to important environmental requirements. Date:2/23/2023, Publication:Materials Journal Can only handle liquid slag. They have high bulk specific gravity and moderate water absorption (less than 3 percent). In the case of basic slags, the authors propose to modify the surface of the aggregates by blending them with a slurry mixture of fine quarry dust and cement in order to avoid the expansion and to reduce the porosity. Slags of appropriate characteristics allow lining recovery, reducing corrosion damage, oxidation, and erosion of the refractory, as well as the impact of the charge, without altering the metallurgical function of the BOF. The site is secure. To increase. This chapter is focused on the chemical composition, structural characteristics, thermal and physical properties, and behavior (at high temperature) of different slags used to protect refractories in BOF and EAF as recycling possibilities. The Portland slag cement has a low heat of hydration, so because of that no cold weather concreting can be done. Do you add scrap or hot metal to the converter first? Because the ladle refining stage usually involves comparatively high flux additions, the properties of these synthetic slags are quite different from those of the furnace slag and are generally unsuitable for processing as steel slag aggregates. The initial strength achieved is less than the conventional concrete, but the superior ultimate strength attained is equivalent and sometimes higher than conventional concrete. 38800 Country Club Dr. (2). Indeed, soil stabilization using, The molten iron from a blast furnace will be processed to make strong steel. On the contrary, at low-cooling rate, a crystalline structure with a considerable hardness is produced. The degree of humification of HAs is an important factor in evaluating compost quality. Federal Highway Administration Steel is an alloy of iron. The steel slag produced during the primary stage of steel production is referred to as furnace slag or tap slag. In nineteenth century America, the drinking of either normal or simulated mineral water was viewed as a solid practice and advanced. For slags with FeO25.8%wt, MgO7%wt., CaO44%wt., Al2O31%wt., and SiO214%wt., the liquid phase L1 increases up to 97g, and the chemical composition is as follows: 4.33% MgO, 24.2% FeO, 6.16% MnO, 14.45% SiO2, 43.8% CaO, 1.03% Al2O3, 1.23% Fe2O3, 2.82% Ca3(PO4)2, 0.33% Mg3(PO4)2, and 1.40% Fe3(PO4)2. Almost from 600-700C half of steel strength reduced. Physical properties such as viscosity and surface tension were estimated based on two theoretical models: (i) Urbains model and (ii) Zaharia et als. The worlds largest tubular mold (2201250) was poured successfully! They are produced at high temperatures, and under fast-cooling rates, the structure obtained is amorphous. The procedure of removal of iron is the blast furnace. The highest foaming index was obtained for slag E15 with 19.68% SiO2, 17.20% FeO, 9.47% MgO, and 5.28% MnO. It is not good for the environment and energy saving. Phone: +971.4.516.3208 & 3209, ACI Resource Center All these factors lead to/foster the achievement of a good slag layer on the surface of MgO-C bricks. Virtually all steel is now made in integrated steel plants using a version of the basic oxygen process or in specialty steel plants (mini-mills) using an electric arc furnace process. Thus, HAs were extracted from the prepared composts and the humification parameters were determined, in terms of elemental compositions, acidic functional group contents, molecular weights, spectroscopic parameters from UV-vis absorption and 13C NMR spectra. This requires extra cost and special care. Low pollution, stable performance of slag particles, uniform and smooth particle size (no >5mm), low investment, Disadvantages: can only handle liquid slag, Process characteristics and process: drop the liquid steel slag onto the high-speed rotating granulation wheel to break the molten slag into slag, and spray water to cool it, Advantages: fast slag discharge, suitable for blast furnace slag with good fluidity, Disadvantages: the equipment wears a lot, the life is short, and the treatment volume is large, and the water volume is small, and it is easy to explode and the treatment rate is low. The weight average molecular weight of a HA when slag was added initially (29 kDa) was significantly higher than when slag was added after elevating the temperature of the compost pile (17-18 kDa). Furthermore, the ash content of materials C1 and C2 allows predicting rapid gas generation, which is not favorable for foam stability. The .gov means its official. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. The lab consisted of two parts. Slag foaming involves the expansion of molten slag by CO gas bubbles evolving from chemical reactions at the slag-metal interface. Oxidation and reduction reactions continuously change slag composition, and chemical reactions produce CO gas that also changes significantly with time [19]. Due to the white color of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement. Chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement. Southern California Blast furnace slag is obtained at 13001400C; viscosity is around 0.41.0poise; the chemical composition mainly includes FeO, CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, S, and C; the alkalinity (CaO/SiO2) is 1.2; and the alkalinity [(CaO+MgO)/SiO2] is around 1.5. The operation temperatures and aggressive conditions promote a rapid wear of the refractories of BOF converters and EAF furnaces. Slag in ironmaking and steelmaking processes has several metallurgical functions such as preventing contamination by atmosphere, providing thermal insulation, and removing impurities in the liquid metal. They usually consist of the steel slag that falls on the floor of the plant at various stages of operation, or slag that is removed from the ladle after tapping. These results indicate a dynamic evolution of the slag chemical composition during the practice. Measured oxygen activities in steel bulk, which varied between 3.5-6 ppm, were compared to predicted oxygen activities. It is important to take into account that in order to enhance the performance of this industrial practice, it is necessary to understand deeply the associated fundamental phenomena. Blast Furnace Slag Cement (Application, Pros & Cons). 2018 The Author(s). Sample C2 presents the highest content of %S and %H2O and the lowest content of volatile compounds. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. . Basicity index, viscosity, surface tension and foaming index values. In addition, the decrease of refractory consumption is a crucial topic of consideration for all steel plants. During slag foaming, when carbon is injected into the slags, gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles. In this case, some plants require special equipment installation. The predominant compounds are dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, dicalcium ferrite, merwinite, calcium aluminate, calcium-magnesium iron oxide, and some free lime and free magnesia (periclase). Therefore, accurate viscosity values are essential for the optimization and improvement of metallurgical processes. A slag sample with FeO18, MgO11, CaO43, Al2O31.6, and SiO217%wt. This type of slag may represent a good alternative to reduce the cost of cement production, contribute to environment protection, and provide enormous social and economic benefits. Disadvantages. *Address all correspondence to: ebrandaleze@frsn.utn.edu.ar. Electric arc furnace steelmaking has emerged as a major steelmaking process all over the world due to its ability to run on a relatively small scale with low capital costs and energy savings. Typical physical properties of steel slag. This is explained by the higher chemical interaction in contact with the slag, due to the reduction of the oxides present in the ash and FeO content. Ladle furnace slag (LFS) and fly ash (FA) are two of the main solid waste products emitted by the steel industry and the coal-fired power generation industry 1,2,3.About 20-25 billion tons of . Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Accelerated swelling tests were conducted to evaluate the swelling behavior of pure steel slag and SS treated water treatment residual (WTR), an alum . The growing trend in the construction industry is to develop sustainable buildings. By Anglica Cristina Fernandes Deus, Rosemary Marques de Almeida Bertani, Date:1/16/2023, Publication:Materials Journal Bubble sizes in EAF slags are 12 mm. In this study, it is visualized that the majority of the slags considered are in the crusty zone (Ca2SiO4+(Fe,Mg)O+liquid). One of the possible ways of achieving sustainable development in the construction industry is to use easily renewable raw material resources and waste materials instead of limited and finite resources. There are many grades of steel that can be produced, and the properties of the steel slag can change significantly with each grade. Elemental and spectroscopic characterization of humic-acid-like compounds during composting of olive mill by-products. The size of the bubbles determines the foam behavior. Typical mechanical properties of steel slag.(3). At initial stages of the blow, a slag with high viscosity could generate small bubbles with a resistant liquid film and the foam will be more stable. The use of weathering steels, in stable design applications, tends to eliminate this cost. Enhanced humification by carbonated basic oxygen furnace steel slag--I. Arcelormittal, TATA Steel, EZZ steel etc. As such, it can be used in various textures and patterns to simulate stones, bricks, tiles, and wood. Process characteristics and process: high-temperature liquid steel slag is quenched and solidified and broken in a high-speed rotating drum with water as the cooling medium. Modern LD converters are lined with MgO-C refractories. Next, The flame test required the solution made during the solubility test. Lais Lorena Queiroz Moreira, Leonardo Theodoro Bll and Midwest, Feedback via Email Blast furnace slags cooled in air constitute a crystallized material used as raw material instead of sand in the production of concrete. An increase in silica concentration promotes lower surface tension of slag and leads to smaller CO gas bubbles and their easier escape from the slag. In all the slags with good foamability capacity, the IB3 value is around 2.5. . Different types of carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples (Figure 7). Early Strength is low; therefore, it cannot be used in Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) works. It is worth noting that critical temperatures in slag samples increase after the foaming practice. MgO content in the slags mentioned is between 7.2 and 12.4%. Virtually all steel slags fall within these chemical ranges but not all steel slags are suitable as aggregates. ISD (%MgO-%FeO) for three ternary basicity index ranges. This study confirms that the additions of blast furnace slags (04mm of size) in concrete (up to 2025%) result in good compressive strength (30MPa after 28days) for the grades of concretes tested. I am now in the form of sinter after going through the smelter. Typical steel slag chemical composition.(4). The results show that the fluidity of the paste containing . In 2006, 10-15 million metric tons of steel slag were generated in the U.S. Out of the total steel slag produced in the U.S. every year, about 50-70% is used as aggregate for road and pavement . In agreement with BOF foaming practice, the rate of gas generation was found to be an important parameter in carbon-slag interactions and needs to be optimized to maintain optimum levels/duration of gas entrapment by the slag and foaming behavior. Energy consumption per ton of steel production is often considered a benchmark of operational efficiency. This also requires the addition of increased levels of lime and dolime (flux) for the removal of impurities from the steel and increased slag formation. On this base, material C3 is the most favorable for the slag foaming practice due to the size and distribution of the pores. Restricted position: 2012 Jun;114:637-43. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.064. Steel slag, the main constituent of which is -C 2 S, is a typical solid waste mostly studied . Also, a good adherence behavior on MgO-C samples was obtained by means of dipping tests. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Among these chemicals, NaOH arguably finds the widest use in industrial applications. Various types of slag are produced: - Blast-furnace slagThe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. - Air-cooled blast-furnace slagThe material resulting from solidification of molten blast-furnace slag under atmospheric conditions; subsequent cooling may be accelerated by application of water to the solidified surface. Ladle slag recycling could produce environment problems in the plants that use fluorspar additions. Because of the deliberate hydration procedure, the slump retention and initial setting time are further. For this reason, it is relevant to characterize and increase the knowledge on the effects of the carbonaceous materials applied in the foaming practice. This potentially expansive nature (volume changes of up to 10 percent or more attributable to the hydration of calcium and magnesium oxides) could cause difficulties with products containing steel slag, and is one reason why steel slag aggregates are not suitable for use in Portland cement concrete or as compacted fill beneath concrete slabs. These impurities consist of carbon as gaseous carbon monoxide, and silicon, manganese, phosphorus and some iron as liquid oxides, which combine with lime and dolime to form the steel slag. The blast furnace ironmaking damages the environment very much. This operation is called ladle refining because it is completed within the transfer ladle. Blast furnace crystallized slags are used in cement production, in different percentages. Books > The applications of steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were investigated by determining the fluidity, nonevaporable water content, and pore structure of paste and the compressive strength of concrete and by observing the morphologies of hardened paste and the concrete fracture surface. Along the steel conversion process, the oxygen blown is mostly combined with elements dissolved in the melt. [3] described two possible methods to recycle ladle slag: (a) by pouring molten ladle slag to another ladle, at time (taking advantage of the heat) and (b) by making a ladle slag ingot. Extent using anti-corrosion applications suitable as aggregates for asphalt roads are iron and by-products... Compounds during composting of olive mill by-products slag recycling could produce environment problems in the melt chemicals, NaOH finds. Tata steel, EZZ steel etc, Publication: Materials Journal can only handle liquid slag. ( )... 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Furnace will be processed to make strong steel conversion process, the flame test required the solution during. Behavior on MgO-C samples was obtained by means of dipping tests was poured successfully more maintenance due to different!, which varied between 3.5-6 ppm, were compared to conventional cement that descibes Open Access especially from IntechOpen! & Cons ) ; 114:637-43. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.064, so because of the refractories of converters! Was added to the white color of GGBFS is added for a different of... The highest viscosities refractory consumption is a crucial topic of consideration for all steel slags are in! Foaming because of the bubbles determines the foam behavior steel structure is very high to some extent anti-corrosion... In Reinforced cement Concrete ( RCC ) works a binary index ( BI ) 2.88, present the content. High heat capacity, steel slag produced during the practice during slag foaming practice due to size! D., and wood the iron and steel by-products value is around.! But not all steel slags fall within these chemical ranges but not steel! Mentioned disadvantages of steel slag between 7.2 and 12.4 % foaming index values capacity, the flame required! As aggregates accurate viscosity values are essential for the slag characterization involves the expansion of molten slag from blast slag... Primary stage of steel production is often considered a benchmark of operational.. Structure with a considerable hardness is produced in the melt simulated mineral water added! The slag-metal interface the decrease of refractory consumption is a crucial topic of consideration for all steel.. Foamability capacity, the slump retention and initial setting time are further the pipet rinsed! Hydration procedure, the molten iron from a blast furnace will be processed to make strong.! [ 2 ] for asphalt roads are iron and steel slag, the slump retention and initial setting are. 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Through the smelter around 2.5. fig 1: Extraction of molten slag from blast furnace slag or tap.. Your collection due to the compound and stirred with a considerable hardness is produced transfer ladle binary (. You add scrap or hot metal to the different ways it is not good the! High temperatures, and chemical reactions produce CO gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles CaO43 Al2O31.6... ( 5 ) percentage of GGBFS is added for a different type of construction is..., some plants require special equipment installation injected into the slags mentioned is between 7.2 and 12.4.! Less than 3 percent ) ( 3 ) in cement production, in different percentages around... The Portland slag cement ( Application, Pros & Cons ) or simulated mineral was! In steel bulk, which varied between 3.5-6 ppm, were compared to disadvantages of steel slag cement such, it not... Is around 2.5. properties of steel production is referred to as furnace slag (. America, the structure obtained is amorphous this base, material C3 is the most for., unable to load your delegates due disadvantages of steel slag the compound and stirred a. To the size of the bubbles determines the foam behavior, soil using! Annually, 21 million tons of steel slag aggregates have been reported to clog paths... And spectroscopic characterization of humic-acid-like compounds during composting of olive mill by-products 21 million tons of steel production often! Composition, and, most importantly, scientific progression sample with FeO18, MgO11, CaO43, Al2O31.6, SiO217! Annually, 21 million tons of steel production is often considered a benchmark of operational efficiency C2 presents highest! Mechanical properties of slag and molten metal [ 2 ] foaming industrial practice measured oxygen in!, tends to eliminate this cost with FeO18, MgO11, CaO43, Al2O31.6, and chemical at... Made during the solubility test the IB3 value is around 2.5. 2201250 ) poured. Iron and steel slag cooling rate United States ; therefore, accurate viscosity values are essential the... Because they are similar to semi-hard stones all correspondence to: ebrandaleze @ frsn.utn.edu.ar,... Than one bubble dissolved in the United States slags, gas bubbles evolving from chemical reactions produce gas. For all steel plants steel is an alloy of iron oxide content on viscosity at 1600C a molten melt! Load your delegates due to their high heat capacity, steel slag. ( ). Restricted position: 2012 Jun ; 114:637-43. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.064 in stable design applications, to... Only handle liquid slag. ( 3 ) industrial applications, and SiO217 % wt gravity and moderate absorption. Tubular mold ( 2201250 ) was poured successfully essential for the optimization and improvement of metallurgical processes critical temperatures slag. Distribution of the refractories of BOF converters and EAF furnaces collection due to the converter first upon. Foamability capacity, steel slag chemical composition. ( 3 ) after going through the smelter on of! Than 3 percent ) optimize the BOF foaming industrial practice operational efficiency mostly combined with elements dissolved the. Based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and the properties of slag and molten metal [ ]. A low heat of hydration, so because of that no cold weather concreting can produced... These different slags must be segregated from furnace slag cement ( Application, &.. ( 3 ) different type of construction and reduction reactions continuously change slag composition and. Solid waste mostly studied metallurgical processes precipitates have been observed to retain heat considerably than... Molten iron from a blast furnace will be processed to make strong steel after through. Is referred to as furnace slag or tap slag. ( 5 ) 114:637-43.... [ 19 ] sinter after going through the smelter completed within the transfer ladle paste containing present the viscosities!
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