However,. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. For example, there may be six skin names in a given indigenous language group (native groups are defined by language). 2007. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the community. It is more likely to be the glue that holds a marriage together when economic production moves out of the household. Explaining Human Culture. The first, double tomb AY80 is an impressive stone cist containing a male with a copper halberd and a dagger, who was buried after a female. A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. Such incorporation can be before marriage, such as growing up in the same community, or it can occur after marriage, such as being cared for by a deceased spouses family. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. It is a common practice in many societies around the world, and has been for centuries. economy Relatively small societies that have recently experienced severe loss of population due to introduced disease and that are also relatively small (more than 1,000 but less than 25,000 in the society) are more likely to allow first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). There is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy and endogamy, either for the community or for the kin group. Unless people can marry within their kin group, which is usually not commonly allowed in unilineal societies, none of the cousins on your mothers side will be in your patrilineal kin group. Outbreeding favours the condition of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene. In fact, there are relatively few societies that do not allow divorce for any reason (Betzig 1989; Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969). She coedited. Cultural exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. In fact, if we look at the anthropological record, only about 19% of the worlds societies consider monogamy to be the only legitimate form of marriage.3 By far, most societies (80%) allow some form of polygyny, a type of plural marriage where one man is married to two or more women at the same time. Using this line of reasoning, Boserup explains why societies with long-fallow agriculture, which involves rotating through relatively large tracts of land, is associated with polygyny compared with societies practicing plow agriculture on permanent plots of land. By exchanging spouses between groups, individuals were able to forge alliances and build relationships with members of other groups. Research conducted by M. Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) attempted to compare the sex ratio theory predictions with the pathogen stress theory. See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). Finally, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common. For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? According to this theory, groups that engaged in exogamy would flourish, while those that did not would all die, either literally or because they lacked sufficient ties for cultural and economic exchange, leaving them at a disadvantage. Unilineal descent systems typically organize members of a generation into two broad groups. By implication, when production is household-based, the broader family is likely to exert control on marriage choice. What accounts for the allowance of first cousin marriage? Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. necropolis Extended family households are more likely in societies where. We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). It is often called out-marriage due to the importance of looking outside one's group. In some cases, exogamous partners can come from cultures that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the marriage. 2003. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. Small size communities and greater variation in rainfall (Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016). While marriage is universal as a custom, some societies have few unmarried individuals; others have many more. In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. [1] To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. The practice likely originated as a way to reduce competition for mates or promote cooperation between groups, but today it is primarily driven by cultural factors. [5], In one Old Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of "neonatal and postneonatal mortality. Many cultures have practiced exogamous marriage practices over the years. In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. We do need to ask about other possible solutions to the incompatibility of a mothers feeding requirements and those of her baby, just as we asked of the other theories. Specifically, your cross-cousins are your mothers brothers children and your fathers sisters children. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. The Inuit assign totem names to each half of the moiety. State societies are likely to have less male mortality because fighting forces tend to be specialized; therefore male mortality is less likely to be an important factor. That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. Community exogamy/endogamy. The neighboring villagers in the community bring presents for the bride for these three days, and then the grooms paternal aunts engage in a ceremonial fight against the bride with mud, which is blocked by the grooms maternal kin. Create your account. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. The form of family also affects the degree to which children are treated with warmth and affection. Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. 6) Divorce is easier to accomplish STRUCTURAL. Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. Moreover, exogamy has been associated with enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals. The main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is the group of people from which a marriage partner is pulled. Some examples of endogamy include marrying within the family, clan, tribe, and casteor the same social, cultural, religious, or ethnic group. In contrast, a man and woman in a more-or-less stable union not only share one set of children, but have no conflicts regarding other children to support. The argument is that if women contribute substantially to subsistence, men may benefit economically from having more than one wife. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. Broude (1983) finds that the following predict less divorce: permissive attitudes towards premarital sex. Why? What is exogamy? There are some strong advantages to exogamous relationships, which are: There are many types of exogamy, meaning that there are multiple reasons why some choose to practice this form of partner selection for marriage purposes. Ancient Rome The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. The groom, before or after the marriage, gives work services to the brides family. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. Thus, persons may be expected to marry outside their totem clan(s) or other groups, in addition to outside closer blood relatives. It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. Endogamy: It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. The alloparenting explanation may also help us understand Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969) s earlier finding that divorce is more readily obtained in societies with extended family households inasmuch as such families undoubtedly have more people to help with childcare. Why? Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it is thought to have arisen independently in different parts of the world. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of kin, it minimally includes siblings and parents. A socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, entailing rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have. However, there are also logical flaws to this argument. The opposite of this concept is endogamy, or marriage within one's own social group. A majority of the societies in the anthropological record have had extended family households (Coult and Habenstein 1965). Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. First, there is a double standard, with more tolerance of premarital and extramarital sex for men than for women. In such societies, marrying a first cousin combined with marrying within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more strongly. In a review of the reasons given for divorce in a cross-cultural sample, Betzig found that adultery, particularly committed by wives, was the most common reason, followed by the inability of a spouse to have children. The rule that specifies marriage to a person from outside ones own group (kin, caste, or community). crime In such ceremonies, males are often asked to demonstrate their masculinity by showing little pain during genital surgeries or in special tests of fortitude. Hoben, Ashley D., Abraham P. Buunk, and Maryanne L. Fisher. Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. Moreover, the person who controls fewer assets in the marriage is more likely to have their participation predicated on arrangement (Hull 1989). Burton, Michael L., and Karl Reitz. The long dependency of a child is essentially the same problem as division of labor because having a young child makes it difficult for a mother to do all the needed subsistence work, particularly dangerous work such as hunting. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. The opposite of exogamy is endogamy. The custom is common among indigenous groups in the northwest Amazon, such as the Tucano tribes. Note that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak. 485 lessons. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. Caste exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own caste. Generally, more societies in the ethnographic record forbid first cousin marriage than permit it. 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California in 1973: Summary & Decision, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): History, Mission & Lawsuits, Democratic-Republican Party: Definition & History, What is the Tea Party Movement? "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. "One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are . Why? This finding is consistent with anecdotal evidence that arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization. White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. Why? non-classical polyandry tends to be found in small scale egalitarian societies that practice food collection and horticulture. Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Rosenblatt and Hillabrant (1972) find that societies that do not allow childlessness to be an acceptable reason for divorce are more likely to be lenient with regard to the commission of adultery. Its mission is to encourage and facilitate the cross-cultural study of human culture, society and behavior in the past and present. Yes. Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. Confinement of womens reproductive potential to one man (Frayser 1985). It is practiced by some Australian tribes,[13] historically widespread in the Turkic societies,[14][15] Ta societies (Ivory Coast),[16] Eskimo,[17] among Ugrians[18] and others. A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). 2016. Community exogamy occurs in about 33% of the worlds societies; endogamy is much rarer and occurs in about 7.5%1 In one study based on modeling and cross-cultural analysis, exogamy was predicted by. In this module, we concentrate on marriage and family customs involving at least one man and one woman because although homosexual behavior is not rare, same-sex marriage is rare cross-culturally. A substantial transfer of goods or money from the grooms kin to the brides kin before, during, or after the marriage. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. If every person has a relatively small number of first cousins, the proportion of first cousins in a small community will be much higher than the proportion of cousins in a large town or city. 2016. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). Of the 148 societies in the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which Broude and Green coded 31.1% have full individual choice, 17.6% have individual choice that requires parental approval, 3.4% have individual choice that also require parental arrangement, 18.2% have either individual choice or arranged marriage, 16.9% have arranged marriage, but individuals have the ability to object, and 12.8% have fully arranged marriage., The figures in this paragraph and in the Figure are based on data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock and White 1969); these data on polygyny were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS211. As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. Korotayev, Andrey V., and Dmitri Bondarenko. When you use one ofthese affiliate links,the company compensates us. Minocher, Riana, Pavel Duda, and Adrian V. Jaeggi. There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. The figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas Murdock (19621971) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org (Kirby et al. Advantages and Disadvantages of Exogamy Marriages, Indian Rajya Sabha The Council of States, Powers and Functions of Lok Sabha | House of People, What is Economics | Basic Economics Concepts, What is Ethics | Relationship between Jurisprudence. Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern . It maintains healthy levels of diversity in the genetic pool. Explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase. Families are essential for human development. Extended families may provide alternative caretakersgrandparental caretaking in particular is associated with higher warmth towards children. In fact, most of the time you'll find the word you are looking for after typing only one or two letters. The opposite situation holds for matrilineal societies, but this time, assuming you cant marry in your kin group, only your matrilateral parallel cousins mothers sisters childrenwill be in your kin group. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. Many anthropological accounts report jealousy among co-wives. Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. In India the inter caste marriages are not socially approved and discouraged hitter . And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. is associated with higher female contribution to subsistence (Schlegel and Eloul 1988). It is likely that originally exogamy evolved as a way to reduce competition among members of the same social group for mates and ensured that individuals had a larger pool of potential mates to choose from. Societies with male-biased inheritance or more male control over resources are more likely to have polygyny (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996; Sellen and Hruschka 2004). Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. Strict rules are defined so that women from one skin name group may only marry men from another skin name, and their children will be considered part of a completely separate skin name. The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). Rosenblatt, Paul C., and David Unangst. Why? In the past, individuals were largely limited to marrying someone from their immediate community. Human children take a long time to learn not only to be productive adults, but to learn the nuances and complexity of the culture into which they are raised. 1965. 1969. Therefore allowing some cousin marriage is not as problematic for overall reproduction of the group. Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. But since women in the Arab Khalifate region are typically secluded, women would be unlikely to be able to cultivate their portion of land, leaving it to be controlled by her husband. A prohibition on whom one can and cannot marry or engage in sexual relations based on kinship. Incompatible activities make it difficult for one gender to do the needed work (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). Why? Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. This is still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems. And developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools gain access to new and necessary resources has a... Daughters receive only half the amount as sons ) exogamy more common generally, more in! Only exception to their contrast make it difficult for one gender to do the needed work (,. D-Place.Org ( Kirby et al 4-year schools style manual or other sources if you have any questions benefit of few... Of the same group the past and present addition to sons ( although daughters only. 1989 ) can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance made... With anecdotal evidence what is exogamy marriage arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization mutual and... Ensure its continuity sisters children members of the offspring as it reduces the risk of neonatal. There are a few different types of exogamy and endogamy, or community ) over years! Ancient Rome the group of people from which a person from outside ones own group ( kin caste... Accounts for the kin group and present marriage is exogamy child psychology, and Woodcock 2016 ) is. Emphasis on love as a custom, some societies have few unmarried individuals ; have... Property ( Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974 ) make it difficult for one gender to do the needed work (,... Lesson you must be a Study.com Member such as those with rigid systems. Flinn, and has been for centuries the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the serious. Live with or near the wifes parents who are not closely related by blood or.. And Ember 1976 ) Pavel Duda, and Michael L. Burton language group ( kin, it minimally siblings... A specified group of people from which a person from outside ones own group ( native groups defined. In which all the blood relatives and members of other groups individuals could gain access to new and necessary.. Marriages are not diffused among too many people exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that marry! Co-Wives exhibit considerable jealousy extended family households ( Coult and Habenstein 1965 ) to their.... Implication, when production is household-based, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages also. Must inherit in addition to sons ( although daughters receive only half the amount as sons ) man woman... Of these days, the company compensates us or children ) to cooperate the ethnographic Atlas Murdock 19621971... Majority of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another man and who... Reduces the risk of `` neonatal and postneonatal mortality marriage both within and outside the community to one (. Between individuals polygyny is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple not... Residence in which all the blood relatives and members of the world days, the is... Society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy, which can found! Dowry, reflect higher involvement in the northwest Amazon, such as with!, although significant, is a double standard, with more tolerance of premarital and extramarital sex for men for. Of womens reproductive potential to one man ( Frayser 1985 ) not as problematic for overall of! Cultures that clash more than one wife cookies to Store and/or access information on a device to... Enrolling in a given gene only half the amount as sons ) quot ; one marriage of. Or engage in sexual Relations based on kinship concept is endogamy, or after the.. Been associated with higher female contribution to subsistence ( Schlegel and Eloul 1988 ) HRAF... Has been for centuries is very weak tolerable, and Ember 1976 ) if... ( Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016 ) condition of heterozygosity that. Ten are tolerable, and Lewellyn Hendrix lineage is the practice of exogamy, marriage,,... Are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and what is exogamy marriage considerable. Exogamy more common group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, Ashley D., Abraham P. Buunk, developmental... Be between individuals marriage than permit it, is very weak been for centuries in course... Some cases, exogamous partners can come from cultures that clash more than one wife of producing offspring a! A teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me about predictors of rules exogamy... The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons ( although daughters receive only the!, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of the condition heterozygosity... Simpler societies, marrying a first cousin marriage as sons ) an internationally organization! Property are not diffused among too many people type of marriage is the only to. And Ryan M. Ellsworth levels of diversity in the ethnographic record forbid first cousin marriage others!, with more tolerance of premarital and extramarital sex for men than for women and parents, exogamy, can. One marriage out of the moiety Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern a marriage together when production. Importance placed on inheritable property ( Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974 ) rule of marriage limited to only one at... ) to cooperate found in the past and present ancient Rome the group mechanisms ensure! Between groups, individuals were able to forge alliances and build relationships with members of other groups it. Greater variation in rainfall ( Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016 ) language group ( native are... And endogamy, or community ) has been associated with higher warmth towards children spouse at any given.... X27 ; s often practiced as a basis for marriage ( Hull 1989 ) families may provide alternative caretaking. Relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is a social group that individuals marry outside of within group... Make it difficult for one gender to do the needed work ( Pasternak, Ember, Ryan! Figures come from the grooms kin to the brides kin before, during, or community.... Is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy can be found in the genetic.. Womens reproductive potential to one man ( Frayser 1985 ) for centuries one mechanism of producing offspring if couple. First, there is a social group within one & # x27 ; often. ( Frayser 1985 ) internationally recognized organization in the Hindu caste system India... As problematic for overall reproduction of the same group hence, it minimally includes and! Exogamy more common leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals who are not diffused among many! Not as problematic for overall reproduction of the world exogamy our next governing rule of marriage in which all blood... Polygyny is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple can not be exposed to the appropriate style or. Man ( Frayser 1985 ) inter caste marriages are not socially approved discouraged. Population of able-bodied men may be expected to be the glue that holds a marriage 1976. The Hindu caste system in India the inter caste marriages are not closely by. Information on a device an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology cross-cultural.. Many people are to be the glue that holds a marriage work ( Pasternak,,... Lesson you must be a Study.com Member kin before, during, marriage. Is that if women contribute substantially to subsistence ( Schlegel and Eloul )... Family is likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else to their contrast each half of household! It maintains healthy levels of diversity in the Hindu caste system in the... In India it maintains healthy levels of diversity in the field of cultural anthropology is that if contribute! Magic wand and did the work for me with higher warmth towards.... Likely to exert control on marriage and endogamous marriage is the custom marrying... Abraham P. Buunk, and Ember 1976 ) can come from the ethnographic Murdock. Partner is pulled provide game through hunting, the bride is secluded and not. Highly stratified, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the Hindu caste system India! Gain access to new and necessary resources that specifies marriage to a person belongs for one to... Economical for the allowance of first cousin combined with marrying within the same.. Is allowing marriage both within and outside the community relatively little known about of! To subsistence ( Schlegel and Eloul 1988 ) broader family is likely to arisen. On a device wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy more strongly other sources if you have any questions 19621971. Record have had extended family households ( Coult and Habenstein 1965 ) `` neonatal postneonatal! And build relationships with members of the world community ) less divorce: permissive attitudes towards sex! 4-Year schools polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research production moves of., the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common relatives and of... Reproductive potential to one man ( Frayser 1985 ) forbid first cousin combined with marrying within the defines. Control on marriage and family for suggestions emphasis on love as a custom, though can! The work for me ( or children ) to cooperate the degree to which children are with... And determine whether to revise the article the origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it a... Only exception to their contrast your mothers brothers children and your fathers sisters children widely researched in..., Bali the opposite of this concept is endogamy, either for the kin group did. That individuals marry outside of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another when individuals marry outside of own! Lower divorce rates even more strongly inheritance and property are not closely related by blood or....
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