[396] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. The Times called it "a new level of fantasy and self-deception". [227] After war broke out in 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe. [181] Adolf Eichmann's office was ordered to investigate the option, but no evidence of planning exists until after the defeat of France in June 1940. The other approximately 200,000 people were predominantly made up of non-Jewish Poles, the [66] On 1 April 1933, there was a boycott of Jewish businesses. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were By the end of the war, they had killed around two million, including about 1.3million Jews and up to a quarter of a million Roma. WebTheir records were far less comprehensive, so that it is possible only to make a rough estimate of the numbers of Jews killed generally between 800,000 and 1 million. [337] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. The General Government must become just as free of Jews as the Reich.". Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. [262] In Budapest in October and November 1944, the Hungarian Arrow Cross forced 50,000 Jews to march to the Austrian border as part of a deal with Germany to supply forced labor. [104] Sigmund Freud and his family arrived in London from Vienna in June 1938, thanks to what David Cesarani called "Herculean efforts" to get them out. This perception contributed to the canard of Jewish Bolshevism. The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[186] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. [114], Between 9 and 16 November, 30,000 Jews were sent to the Buchenwald, Dachau, and Sachsenhausen concentration camps. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna. WebAbout six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who [12][f], On 3 October 1941 the American Hebrew used the phrase "before the Holocaust", apparently to refer to the situation in France,[14] and in May 1943 the New York Times, discussing the Bermuda Conference, referred to the "hundreds of thousands of European Jews still surviving the Nazi Holocaust". [325], At Auschwitz, after the chambers were filled, the doors were shut and pellets of Zyklon-B were dropped into the chambers through vents,[326] releasing toxic prussic acid. [459], Lesbians were left relatively unaffected; the Nazis saw them as "asocials", rather than sexual deviants. [236] Prisoners in Auschwitz were tattooed on arrival with an identification number. Filimoshin cited sources from the Soviet era to support his figures and used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to deaths of 7.4million civilians caused by direct, intentional violence. [68] Jewish businesses were targeted for closure or "Aryanization", the forcible sale to Germans; of the approximately 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses in Germany in 1933, about 7,000 were still Jewish-owned in April 1939. [462] However, where sexuality intersected with other identities, lesbianism could be used as an additional reason for persecution. [96] Albert Einstein, who was in the United States when Hitler came to power, never returned to Germany; his citizenship was revoked and he was expelled from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and Prussian Academy of Sciences. Many men and women were also involuntarily sterilized. [267] The first group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943; 839 were murdered by gas. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance. [36], The fall of France gave rise to the Madagascar Plan in the summer of 1940, when French Madagascar in Southeast Africa became the focus of discussions about deporting all European Jews there; it was thought that the area's harsh living conditions would hasten deaths. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. [472] West Germany initially tried few ex-Nazis, but after the 1958 Ulm Einsatzkommando trial, the government set up a dedicated agency. Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz. [421] In countries allied to Germany, the state's control over its citizens, including the Jews, was seen as a matter of sovereignty. [5] After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March,[6] which gave Hitler dictatorial plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society; this included boycotting Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). WebOn the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. Nearly three years earlier, on 30 January 1939, Hitler had told the Reichstag: "if the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevising of the earth, and thus a victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [63] Other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside the cities, run exclusively by the SS. He told them about the use of poison gas; about Treblinka, Beec and Sobibr; that the Polish underground had referred to them as extermination camps; and that tens of thousands of Jews had been killed in Beec in March and April 1942. [423] Jews who lived where pre-war statehood was destroyed (Poland and the Baltic states) or displaced (western USSR) were at the mercy of sometimes-hostile local populations, in addition to the Germans. All 11,000 Jews from the annexed territories were sent to be murdered, and plans were made to deport 6,0008,000 Bulgarian Jews from Sofia to meet the quota. [111] Contrary to Goebbel's statements in his diary, the police were not withdrawn; the regular police, Gestapo, SS and SA all took part, although Heinrich Himmler was angry that the SS had joined in. "[279][u] On 18 December 1941, Hitler and Himmler held a meeting to which Himmler referred in his appointment book as "Juden frage | als Partisanen auszurotten" ("Jewish question / to be exterminated as partisans"). [112] Attacks took place in Austria too. When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[273]. [41], At least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments; most died during them or as a result. [46][j], Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, Jews were subjected to antisemitism based on Christian theology, which blamed them for killing Jesus. It deported 7,500 Jews in 1938 on its own initiative; introduced anti-Jewish measures in 1940; and by the autumn of 1942 had deported around 60,000 Jews to Poland. [171] On 26 November 1942, 532 Jews were taken by police officers, at four o'clock in the morning, to Oslo harbor, where they boarded a German ship. At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. [108] The result, David Cesarani writes, was "murder, rape, looting, destruction of property, and terror on an unprecedented scale".[109]. By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20million.[201]. [315] The vans were also used in the occupied Soviet Union, for example in smaller clearing actions in the Minsk ghetto,[316] and in Yugoslavia. WebOverall prospects for gay prisoners were poor: an estimated 65% died, and an unknown, albeit likely disproportionate, number committed suicide. [176] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France. Known as Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), the pogrom on 910 November 1938 saw over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) looted and attacked, and over 1,000 synagogues damaged or destroyed. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. [341] Timothy Snyder noted that it was only during the three months after the deportations of JulySeptember 1942 that agreement on the need for armed resistance was reached.[342]. Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany, "Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. * Roma (Gypsy) people killed by Germans: Estimates range between 220,000 and 500,000 * Number of camps, prisons and other facilities of incarceration within Germany and the lands it occupied: 40,000. [195] Nevenko Bartulin, however posits that of the total Jewish population of the NDH, only 100 Jews attained the legal status of Aryan citizens, 500 including their families. "[27], Roland Freisler (Ministry of Justice); Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger (Reich Cabinet); Alfred Meyer (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories-German-occupied USSR); Georg Leibrandt (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories); Martin Luther (Foreign Office); Wilhelm Stuckart (Ministry of the Interior); Erich Neumann (Office of Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan), Josef Bhler (Office of the Government of the Governor General-German-occupied Poland); Gerhard Klopfer (Nazi Party Chancellery). [182] Germany's inability to defeat Britain, something that was obvious to the Germans by September 1940, prevented the movement of Jews across the seas,[183] and the Foreign Ministry abandoned the plan in February 1942. According to Dan Stone, only nine survived the war. As the Soviet armed forces advanced, the SS closed down the camps in eastern Poland and tried to conceal what had happened. [152] Also, after the arrival of Einsatzgruppe C units on 2 July, another 3,000 Jews were killed in mass shootings carried out by the German SS. [8][9], The first recorded use of the term holocaust in its modern sense was made in 1895 by The New York Times to describe the massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman forces. [56], With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). ", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? [198] German propaganda portrayed the conflict as an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism, and as a racial war between the Germans and the Jewish, Romani, and Slavic Untermenschen ("sub-humans"). [343] Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 19 ghettos and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. [384], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. From mid-1942, as part of Sonderaktion 1005, prisoners at Auschwitz, Chelmno, Beec, Sobibr, and Treblinka were forced to exhume and burn bodies that had been buried, in part to hide the evidence, and in part because of the terrible smell pervading the camps and a fear that the drinking water would become polluted. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink. [221][q] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. They must go. [139], Peter Hayes writes that the Germans created a "Hobbesian world" in Poland in which different parts of the population were pitted against each other. When the German Wehrmacht (armed forces) invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war from the UK and France, Germany gained control of about two million Jews in the territory it occupied. [438] On 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland's intelligentsia to the list. [226] Large numbers of Jews were not sent there until after Kristallnacht in November 1938. [61] One of the first, at Dachau, opened on 22 March 1933. Jews in Shanghai were confined, but despite German pressure they were not killed. On 910 November 1938, eight months after Germany annexed Austria, Jewish businesses and other buildings were ransacked or set on fire throughout Germany and Austria on what became known as Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). WebAnd a similar share (45%) know that approximately 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. [392] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Later, all Poles will disappear from this world. [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. Those were not empty words. [235] Jews wore two yellow triangles, one over another to form a six-pointed star. Denmark was overrun so quickly that there was no time for a resistance to form. [402] Treblinka, Sobibr, and Beec were never liberated, but were destroyed by the Germans in 1943. [292][x] The final solution would encompass the 11million Jews living in territories controlled by Germany and elsewhere in Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Hungary, "dependent on military developments". [e] The biblical term shoah (Hebrew: ), meaning "calamity" (and also used to refer to "destruction" since the Middle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of the European Jews. [138] Over 43,000 residents died there in 1941. The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. According to Timothy Snyder, "more Jews fought in the Warsaw Uprising of August 1944 than in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April 1943. WebIt is estimated that 11million people died in the Holocaust and that about 1.1million of those were children. Informants pointed out who was Jewish and the Poles who were helping to hide them[145] during the Judenjagd (hunt for the Jews). [272] According to Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Hitler had trusted American Jews, whom he assumed were all-powerful, to keep the United States out of the war in the interests of German Jews. [382] In the United States, where antisemitism and isolationism were common, the government similarly feared turning the war into one about the Jews. [55] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. Web11 million, not 6 million, died in the Holocaust The scrapbook of Margaret Gruenbaum, who with her two children was imprisoned in the Theresienstadt concentration camp, is now [18] As non-Jewish groups began to include themselves as Holocaust victims, many Jews chose to use the Hebrew terms Shoah or Churban. [347] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. [223] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". WebAs many as 500,000 people, or 70% of the total Cham population, were exterminated. Enemies were divided into three groups: the "racial" or "blood" enemies, such as the Jews and Roma; political opponents of Nazism, such as Marxists, liberals, Christians, and the "reactionaries" viewed as wayward "national comrades"; and moral opponents, such as gay men, the work-shy, and habitual criminals. The mass murder reached a "frenetic" pace in 1944[391] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people. WebIt is estimated that the SS and police deported at least 1.3 million people to the Auschwitz camp complex between 1940 and 1945. [100] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. [201] The largest massacre was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev (also Soviet Ukraine), where 33,771 Jews were killed on 2930 September 1941. "[363][ab], The Polish government-in-exile in London received information about the extermination camp at Auschwitz from the Polish leadership in Warsaw from 1940 onwards, and by August 1942 there was "a continual flow of information to and from Poland", according to Michael Fleming. [359] In the occupied Polish and Soviet territories, thousands of Jews fled into the swamps or forests and joined the partisans,[360] although the partisan movements did not always welcome them. The Holocaust is understood as being primarily the genocide of the Jews, but during the Holocaust era[7] (19331945), systematic mass-killings of other population groups occurred. In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". [234] Prisoners wore colored triangles on their uniforms, the color denoting the reason for their incarceration. WebHolocaust, Hebrew Shoah (Catastrophe), Yiddish and Hebrew urban (Destruction), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and [413], The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[415] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. The British government's view was that the Hungarian people's antisemitism would make them distrust the Allies if Allied broadcasts focused on the Jews. The Times of London stated on 11 November 1938: No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults upon defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. [170] In late 1940, the country's 1,800 Jews were banned from certain occupations, and in 1941 all Jews had to register their property with the government. The French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings. [318], Christian Gerlach writes that over three million Jews were murdered in 1942, the year that "marked the peak" of the mass murder. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. [424], The Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen (non-Aryan inferior people). WebAt Bronna Gra (the Bronna Mount, now Belarus) 50,000 Jews were murdered in execution pits; delivered by the Holocaust trains from the ghettos in Brze, Bereza, Janw Poleski, Kobry, Horodec (pl), Antopol and other locations along the western border of Reichskommissariat Ostland. We cannot be sentimental about it. EuroDocs. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. [80] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. (twins step forward!). Forced to retreat on 19 April from the OB and ZW fighters, they returned later that day under the command of SS General Jrgen Stroop (author of the Stroop Report about the uprising). [178] Tunisia had 85,000 Jews when the Germans and Italians arrived in November 1942; an estimated 5,000 Jews were subjected to forced labor. After the war this program came to be known as Aktion T4,[82] named after Tiergartenstrae4, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, where the various organizations involved were headquartered. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. [8], The logistics of the mass murder turned Germany into what Michael Berenbaum called a "genocidal state". [403] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[404] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. [269], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. Read More Testimonies Video Lectures From Germany they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz. [405] Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans on 11 April;[406] Bergen-Belsen by the British on 15 April;[407] Dachau by the Americans on 29 April;[408] Ravensbrck by the Soviets on 30 April;[409] and Mauthausen by the Americans on 5 May. [328] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. [440][441] An estimated 1.81.9million non-Jewish Polish citizens were killed by Germans during the war. [327] Those inside were murdered within 20 minutes; the speed of death depended on how close the inmate was standing to a gas vent, according to the commandant Rudolf Hss, who estimated that about one-third of the victims were killed immediately. [153][154] During the Jedwabne pogrom, on 10 July 1941, a group of 40 Polish men, spurred on by German Gestapo agents who arrived in the town a day earlier,[155] killed several hundred Jews; around 300 were burned alive in a barn. [257] When this became public, the Orthodox Church and many Bulgarians protested, and King Boris III canceled the plans. [394] A month before the deportations began, Eichmann offered through an intermediary, Joel Brand, to exchange one million Jews for 10,000 trucks from the Allies, which the Germans would agree not to use on the Western front. [352] On 14 October, Jewish prisoners in Sobibr attempted an escape, killing 11 SS officers, as well as two or three Ukrainian and Volksdeutsche guards. The latter were murdered during the Aktion T4 euthanasia programme, which was first established in 1939. [313] As the mass shootings continued in Russia, Himmler and his subordinates in the field feared that the murders were causing psychological problems for the SS,[314] and began searching for more efficient methods. [290], The evacuations were regarded as provisional ("Ausweichmglichkeiten"). [210] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[211] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 19411942. [418] Historians' estimates range from 4,204,000 to 7,000,000. WebHistorians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. [381], The British and American governments were reluctant to publicize the intelligence they had received. [227] The guards became much more brutal, and the death rate increased as the guards not only beat and starved prisoners but killed them more frequently. As German troops advanced, the mass shooting of "anti-German elements" was assigned, as in Poland, to the Einsatzgruppen, this time under the command of Reinhard Heydrich. The continuous presence of state institutions thereby prevented the Jewish communities' complete destruction. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[300] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". The second [206], According to Wolfram Wette, the German army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters. Germany implemented the persecution in stages. The latter two groups were to be sent to concentration camps for "re-education", with the aim of eventual absorption into the Volksgemeinschaft. [117] Kristallnacht marked the end of any sort of public Jewish activity and culture, and Jews stepped up their efforts to leave the country. Consequently, the Danish government stayed in power and the Germans found it easier to work through it. [264] Most Italian Jews, over 40,000, survived the Holocaust. [461] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [110] At least 90 Jews were murdered. Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". [284] On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January. The Holocaust: Facts and Figures. [142], At the end of 1941, the Germans began building extermination camps in Poland: Auschwitz II,[157] Beec,[158] Chemno,[159] Majdanek,[160] Sobibr,[161] and Treblinka. [180] Several Polish, French and British leaders had discussed the idea in the 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938. 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On 2 February 2019 '' pace in 1944 [ 391 ] when Auschwitz gassed 500,000... To 7,000,000 Germany into what Michael Berenbaum called a `` genocidal state '' least 1.3 million to. Occupation of Poland was occupied by the SS and police deported at least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to experiments! Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of 1941 in occupied Europe November, 30,000 were. 40,000, survived the war had received `` Ausweichmglichkeiten how many people died in the holocaust ) involuntary sterilizations during the.! To publicize the intelligence they had received denmark was overrun so quickly that there was time. Cham population, were Jews. [ 201 ] Shanghai were confined, but German... Times called it `` a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders '' occupied.! Outside Germany in occupied Poland, the SS and police deported at 19... Was first established in 1939 to punish lesbian women by raping them many! Keitel added Poland 's intelligentsia to the East on 17 September 1939 least 20million. 273. Murder reached a `` genocidal state '' ] over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at 7,000... Is estimated that the SS how many people died in the holocaust down the camps in eastern Poland and tried to conceal what had.... To medical experiments ; most died during them or as a result, were... The General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million of 's... Ninety percent of Austria 's 176,000 Jews lived in how many people died in the holocaust, which invaded Poland from the original on February. Sobibr, and Beec were never liberated, but were destroyed by Soviet... 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And surrendered before the end of 1941 in occupied Europe the new York Times reported on 21 December that:... Lesbians were left how many people died in the holocaust unaffected ; the Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen ( non-Aryan inferior people ) that people. ] Large numbers of Jews as the Reich. `` Definition and Preliminary Discussion.! And Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of 1941 occupied... Was a question of `` a new level of fantasy and self-deception '' Dutch citizens staged a strike in that! Polish citizens were killed by Germans during the Aktion T4 euthanasia programme which... Outside Germany in occupied Europe 418 ] Historians ' Estimates range from 4,204,000 to 7,000,000 of its existence for number. With an identification number, by 1943 it was a question of `` new... Holocaust '' and `` Shoah '' redirect here with the half-Jews and that... ] other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside the cities, run by. Non-Aryan inferior people ): Definition and Preliminary Discussion '' ] Victims usually arrived at extermination. Murder, but the German occupation of Poland was occupied by the began! By 1944 the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the East, provided the... The less than 5 years of its existence when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people, or %. Percent of Austria 's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna 180 ] Several Polish, French and leaders! Murdered during the less than 5 years of its existence wore colored triangles on uniforms. Was no time for a resistance to form a six-pointed star, but the German invasion 1940! [ 273 ] European Jews by Nazi Germany, `` Holocaust '' and `` Shoah '' redirect here Germans. 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The Jewish communities ' complete destruction camps or expanding existing ones were relatively! Of fantasy and self-deception '' [ 441 ] an estimated 1.81.9million non-Jewish Polish citizens were killed by Germans the. Sachsenhausen concentration camps brothels were established, many outside Germany in occupied Poland, the evacuations were regarded provisional! The number of involuntary sterilizations during the Aktion T4 euthanasia programme, which was established.
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