Eleven of these, including Dena'ina, are spoken in Alaska. Dena'ina Vowels i. Some of the stories are ones Dick will tell about her own experiences. Of the total population of about 900 people, about 75 speak the language. These languages are closely related to each other and share The dialects page describes the differences between the major Dena'ina dialects. The first sound in the word is the barred-l . Participants at the Anchorage workshop immediately liked the idea, and Gladys Evanoff, who speaks the Iliamna dialect of Dena'ina, and Alex Balluta, who speaks the Inland dialect, recorded major parts of that list along with several other helpful phrases. The words below are taken from theNondalton Tanaina Noun Dictionary, compiled by restrictive conditions of use as specified by the original depositors. Since then, many Denaina elders from the four More than just dialectal Michael Krauss made an effort to collect all things Denaina, and has developed a ), Language considerations (including dialect preferences). These rules may also require slight changes in pronunciation. Dena'ina is one of roughly 40 languages of the Athabascan family. The depth of the Denaina presence on ancestral lands reflects an early history and culture of a people who have experienced intense change during the past 150 years, thriving through innovation and adaptation. Services we offer include: Document Translation, Certified Translation, Website Localization, Software Localization, and others. We acknowledge and honor the ancestral and present land stewardship and place-based knowledge of the peoples of all the places where we are our partners work. Denaina is a highly endangered language. depending on dialect. Images. and/or the Alaska Native Language Center and are licensed under a, purchased in book form from the Alaska Native Language Center, Online at Alaska Native Knowledge Network, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License, Unangam Tunudgusii. are acknowledged. traditional texts, and a dictionary from 1973 to 1977 (ca.11 items). Dena'ina is a verb-based language. Extent:24 manuscript boxes and 0.5 ft. books, covering 8 linear feet.Languages:Collection languages are primarily Denaina and English; a number of early documents WebGoogle's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Special Note: Class conducted in the Dena'ina language. WebDena'ina Topical Dictionary This page contains excerpts from Chapter 13 of the Dena'ina Topical Dictionary. Dena'ina Topical Dictionary. The phrase is comparable to English "How are you?" Membership are in Russian, German, or French; one document is in Spanish. In Dena'ina, a single word can convey the equivalent of an entire sentence in English. dialect vocabulary) and studies of phonology and phonetics (e.g. Tyotkas Elder Services (907) 335-7280 You can unsubscribe at any time. Landscape. Dena'ina uses imperfective, perfective, future, and optative Mode. Development Center in Anchorage; one of the more prolific authors was Albert Wassilie. -- on the Kenai Peninsula, in Upper Inlet area above Anchorage, and in coastal and Kalifornskys materials include stories, Alaska Native Language Archive materials made available through the Dena'ina Qenaga Digital Archive may be subject to more And when we were doing this, I came across the verb, to hop, which is, nikunuinedltlet, he added. Outer Inlet (Kenai) Dena'ina has four vowels: a,e,i,u (by comparison, English has nine vowels) In some cases, both a literal and a free translation were prepared as a way of introducing learners to Dena'ina idioms. Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan Junior Dictionary (1979, PDF), Central Koyukon Junior Dictionary (PDF, 1978), Minto-Nenana Athabaskan Noun Dictionary (PDF), Tanacross Learners' Dictionary (2008, HTML), Nee'aaneegn' / Upper Tanana (Tetlin) Junior Dictionary (2009, PDF), Nee'aaneek / Upper Tanana Glossary (1997, PDF), Han Gwich'in Athapaskan Noun Dictionary (1978, PDF), Western Gwich'in Topical Dictionary (1991, PDF), Gwich'in Stem-based Lexical File (1999 draft, PDF). Still others include web-accessible versions. (E) = Eklutna WebDenaina, like all Indigenous languages of Alaska, was communicated orally until an alphabet was developed in the 1970s. Want to add New Dictionary? Joel Isaak, an artist and Denaina language professor with Kenai Peninsula College, spoke about the project at Tuesdays Alaska Native Studies Symposia, put on by the University of Alaska Anchorage. Ninilchik Village Tribe's Website. the collection relates to the fieldnotes of various reseachers, especially from the (1994, PDF), Abridged Inupiaq and English Dictionary (1981, PDF), Kaiqsisautit Uqayusranikun / Kobuk Iupiat Junior Dictionary (1979, PDF). Land Acknowledgement is a formal statement recognizing the Indigenous people of a place. UAF Instagram Dena'ina Verbs: Dena'ina is a polysynthetic language that uses bound morphology extensively. Kenaitze Tribal Court (907) 335-7219, Community Education (College And Career Support). In addition, the Dena'ina alphabet uses many of the same symbols found in the English alphabet but assigns a different pronunciation to them. Denaina is a highly endangered language. language to be spoken in a coastal environment, and it is the only Alaska Athabascan 2. There are a significant number of items from the mid to And so what weve striven to do is surround the elder were working with with the support she needs and we need her to be able to be speaking every day. Educational materials (ca. Jim often gave the students in his Dena'ina language classes a list of phrases to study and memorize at home. A practical WebEnglish. Materials on this site are copyrighted by the original authors, the speakers whose voices are recorded, and the Alaska Denaina is one of eleven Alaska The scope of the Denaina language collection is quite broad in that it strives to If there are spelling errors, the audio serves as the standard for how words should be pronounced. Land Acknowledgement opens a space with gratefulness and respect for the contributions, innovations, and contemporary perspective of Indigenous peoples. Denaina words in comparison to other Athabaskan languages in Alaska. songs, religious materials, correspondence, and work on literacy and language learning Peninsula) (1978, PDF), A Conversational Dictionary of Kodiak Alutiiq (1978, PDF), English-Tlingit Dictionary: Nouns (1963, rev. Native Language Archive. (Kn) = Knik One of the biggest differences between English and Dena'ina is the way in which words are put together. A conceptual comparison in English is the implied you subject. UAF Twitter Suggestions for future development are welcome. Most of these early items (ca. This project was inspired by the late Jim Wilson, who presented a collection of Dena'ina phrases and expressions at the 2004 Dena'ina Workshop in Anchorage as a way of helping students learn the language. Rasmuson Library1732 Tanana Loop PO Box 756808Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, UAF Facebook There is no subject in this statement, but the listener understands that the speaker is speaking to them. (namely, the barred-l ). Two other authors important to the Denaina collection The reader may notice that a single English word translates to a whole phrase in Dena'ina. Generally, we tried to capture the meaning of whole phrases rather than merely translating individual words but, as in most every translation, some of the beauty of the original language is lost. We can't scramble the words and get this meaning. Addresses history of Alaska Native languages and cultures. Dena'ina. We enter a world dense with story, dense with vinni, or Visit the first major exhibition ever presented about the Denaina Athabascan people: Performance, Literary & Creative Practice, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Anti-Racism. are originals, some are photocopies of originals still in use by Kari. This list is expanding searchable PDF documents. This license prohibits unauthorized reproduction in any form for commercial use. extracts of expedition reports of English, Russian, and Spanish explorers with Denaina We implement innovative, engaging, and unique Denaina language learning experiences for all ages. Originals and copies of fieldnotes by James Denaina (Languages) 3. For example, the English sentence I will see you again translates into Dena'ina as a single word. Extended hours to 9 p.m. Press Room (with no more speakers in the latter); Iliamna, including Pedro Bay, Old Iliamna, Materials may be used freely for non-commercial, educational purposes as specified in the license About half of Alaskas residents live in traditional Denaina territory but most have little general knowledge about the indigenous people who have called Southcentral Alaska home for more than 1,000 years. When it comes to stories, its not just what you say its how you say it. View the resolution of the Anchorage Assembly designating language for an official land acknowledgement statement to recognize and honor the traditional lands of the Denaina Athabascans. At the 2004 Dena'ina Summer Institute in Kenai, Gladys made a final recording with yet more phrases, and in the following months, the phrases were carefully transcribed and placed into the pages of Dena'ina Qenaga Du'idnaghelnik. Dena'ina Qenaga website copyright 2004-2017. of the collection. So, we dont have any store, Dick told Alaskas News Source. restrictive conditions of use as specified by the original depositors. Webunderstanding of a phonological rule in Denaina (a vowel following "gh" is "a" not "e"). It is important to recognize that the rules of Dena'ina grammar are for the most part very different than the rules of English grammar. Imperfective: the action has started but has not ended. Dena'ina Qenaga website copyright 2004-2017. 6. Below the entry line is an indented bolded Dena'ina phrase that shows the context for how the word is used. s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); You would tell that story when youre out berry picking. The complete print publication can be purchased from the Alaska Native Language Center. Lisiansky, among others. The reader may notice that a single English word translates to a whole phrase in Dena'ina. That is, all languages have certain rules which must be followed in order for the language to make sense. (N) = Nondalton A big part of our language work is, Where does language come from? Language is a response to place, its the form of communication, so this is why we have to do the language with the culture, he said. For years, linguists and local Alaska Native people have been working on language and culture revitalization projects For a faster, more accurate estimate, please provide the following information in the "Your Message" section of your request: For even faster results, contact us directly using the full quote request form. Four dialects are usually distinguished: Upper Inlet, spoken in Eklutna, Knik, Susitna, Tyonek You can watch the symposium in its entirety on theAlaska Native Studies Facebook page. James Kari has Future: the action will happen but has not yet. UA is committed to providing accessible websites. For years, linguists and local Alaska Native people have been working on language and culturerevitalization projectsat KPC and through the Kenaitze Tribe. the DATA Project: denaina [dot] qenaga [at] gmail [dot] com. The words are made up of individual pieces of language that are connected to create meaningful context. Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary (revised 2012 edition, Nanwalegmiut Paluwigmiut-llu Nupugnerit / Conversational Alutiiq Dictionary (Kenai Kenaitze Indian Tribe's Website. To navigate, use the search bar, scroll through the entire dictionary, or select a letter. WebDena'ina (Tanaina), the Athabascan language of the Cook Inlet area, has four dialects -- on the Kenai Peninsula, in Upper Inlet area above Anchorage, and in coastal and inland To receive a $10, $25 or $50 DISCOUNT, follow the instructions on this page, Translation Services USA is the registered trademark of Translation Services USA LLC, sales1-at-translation-services-usa-dot-com. Some participants at the 2004 Dena'ina Summer Institute complained that the English translations in Dena'ina Qenaga Du'idnaghelnik differed significantly from the Dena'ina. In Alaska the most closely related languages to Dena'ina are Ahtna and Upper Kuskokwim. and there is a significant increase in the range of linguistic documentation, including Learn more about UAs notice of web accessibility.Privacy StatementFor questions or comments regarding this page, contact uaf-web@alaska.edu |, The above works are copyrighted by the National Bilingual Materials Development Center Theyve amassed hundreds of stories and keep track of them in a table of contents, accompanied by detailed notes. It is a public gesture of appreciation for the past and present Indigenous stewardship of the lands that we now occupy. Closed Mondays and Some Holidays. Suggestions for future development are welcome. Translator specialization requirements (legal, medical, etc. WebTraduzioni in contesto per "after the English name" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: Until 1987, the town was called Frobisher Bay, after the English name for the bay on which it is located. include especially Joan Tenenbaum, James Kari, and Peter Kalifornsky, among others. Kenai Peninsula College offers But when youre sitting in an office, in Kenai and its winter and youre not out berry picking, its hard to do that kind of story creation. A number of holdings are the result of the work of people from the Summer of Institute Were trying to not just take English syntax structure and put it into Denaina. larger publications.Lexical studies and ethnographic studies continue to dominate through the 1960s, although Develops listening, speaking, reading and writing skills in Dena'ina for effective communication at the elementary level. part of the Denaina collection. They ended up creating a series of stories about a fictional Denaina girl, whose name is Niku because she loves to hop. #NanookNation, The University of Alaska Fairbanks is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities.UAF is an AA/EO employer and educational institution and prohibits illegal discrimination against any individual. Web2. wordlists, dictionaries, and expedition or ethnographic reports; however most of the Pronoun use is based on what or who has agency or animacy in the situation. Dena'ina (Tanaina), the Athabascan language of the Cook Inlet area, has four dialects The above works are copyrighted by the National Bilingual Materials Development Center In addition, Karis contributions include a large subset of It is geographically unique in Alaska as the only Alaska Athabaskan language to include territory which borders salt water. WebToday, the Denaina language is one of the most endangered indigenous languages of North America, spoken by fewer than 100 people. So in a sentence like John shot a beaver, we know that John is the one doing the shooting, and the a beaver is the thing getting shot. as we continue to digitize our collection, so check back often for additional resources. By definition an Ahtna speaker cannot readily understand a Dena'ina Theyre also compiling pieces on an interactive website. Scroll down for more about Dena'ina people and culture, the museum's Land Acknowledgement projects and resources to access from home. Perfective: the action has started and completed. For example, in English we say, "she will go to the store." Denaina is a Northern Athabaskan language spoken around Cook Inlet and on the Kenai Peninsula in southern Alaska in the USA. In 2007 there were about 75 speakers of Denaina, which means 'the people', and is also known as Tanaina. WebDenaina (earlier known as Tanaina) is the Athabascan language of the Cook Inlet area with four dialects: The Upper Inlet, including the villages of Eklutna, Knik, Montana Creek, are Peter Kalifornsky (ca. (O) = Outer Cook Inlet (Kenai, Kustatan) To register, email Norton at wnorton@kenaitze.org. Kenai Tanaina Noun Dictionary (in downloadable PDF format) grammar (including verb and noun stem classifications, notes on aspect, and more), Translate Dena'ina Learn how to say "Dena'ina" in other languages: in The smooth-sided peak, shaped by millennia of glaciation, is also called Sleeping Lady for its resemblance to a recumbent woman when seen from a certain angle. The following Michael Krauss). is a list of electronic dictionary resources in our collection. Materials on this site are copyrighted by the original authors, the speakers whose voices are recorded, and the Alaska WebThe stories say that from the First Beginning the animals talked among themselves and to the humans. (L) = Lime Village For example, the English word books consists of two parts: the noun book and the plural marker -s. These parts must occur in this order and no other. The museum is committed to recognizing and celebrating the culture and language of the Dena'ina people. 30 items) and Shem Pete (4 items), native speakers with collection dates from the mid to late 19th century. Isaak said theyre working on compiling texts for a storybook for children and early language learners. Learn how to say "Dena'ina" in other languages: Find other interesting words by browsing through our English dictionary. UAF Instagram That is, *sbook and bosok are not words. language spoken on both sides of the Alaska Range. Identity. The Dena'ina language reflects the belief that the world around us is animate and has spirit. gcse.async = true; include all material written or published in or about the Denaina Language. agreement. WebDena'ina is one of roughly 40 languages of the Athabascan family. Much of his work Materials may be used freely for non-commercial, educational purposes as specified in the license UAF Twitter Local linguists in the Kenai Peninsula are incorporating storytelling into their language revitalization efforts, giving elders a chance to create and tell stories in their Native languages and imparting that knowledge onto language learners. The ellipsis serves as a placeholder connector. Peter Kalifornsky. By far the largest part of Understanding word structure is an important part of understanding Dena'ina grammar. yes it is good (greeting response) aa' yaghali. The following three categories are intended to convey the differences between Dena'ina and English, based on how students have expressed these concepts. many similarities in pronunciation and grammatical structure. An orthography for Denaina was developed in the 1970s. Efforts are being made to revitalize the language, with classes available at Kenai Peninsula College and at the University of Alaska Anchorage. Isaak apprentices with Helen Dick, a Denaina elder. The bulk of the later materials consists of fieldnotes, representing research on vocabulary, grammar, placenames, Rasmuson Library1732 Tanana Loop PO Box 756808Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, UAF Facebook And through this process of working with our elders, we realized that the anamorphic kind of Berenstain Bear, or talking animals, and the playful Dr. Suess, early-Western literature method is not how we talk about language in Denaina, Isaak said. When we speak of "rules" of grammar we mean something very different from schoolbook grammar rules such as "don't say ain't" or "don't end a sentence with a preposition". (function() { FIRST FRIDAYS Although the vast majority of the work was conducted in the 1970s, there have been His extensive knowledge of Denaina culture and oral traditions made him a key expert, a precise translator, and an essential partner to his father Shem in the preservation of the Upper Cook Inlet Denaina culture and history. Though many of the fieldnotes (ANLC 2008). 907-929-9200 | General Another 20 are learning the language from Elders and at the annual Denaina Language Institute This collection of Dena'ina phrases and expressions was compiled for the learners of the Dena'ina language. The Athabascan family is one of the largest language families in North America. language. Learn more about UAs notice of nondiscrimination. Our offices and facilities are located on Troth Yeddha', a traditional gathering place for the Lower Tanana Dene. gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx; (Il) = Iliamna For example, the Dena'ina greeting Yagheli du?, which consists of the adverb yagheli 'well' and a particle du which marks yes/no questions, translates literally as "Good, huh?" And Shem Pete ( 4 items ), Native speakers with collection dates from Alaska., scroll through the entire Dictionary, or French ; one of the Dena'ina any form for commercial.... Anlc 2008 ) good ( greeting response ) aa ' yaghali the biggest differences between and. Court ( 907 ) 335-7280 you can unsubscribe at any time imperfective,,..., which means 'the people ', and a Dictionary from 1973 to 1977 ca.11... Wnorton @ kenaitze.org would tell that story when youre out berry picking for. Include: Document Translation, Website Localization, Software Localization, and is also known as Tanaina followed. Equivalent of an entire sentence in English we say, `` she will go to Denaina! Are in Russian, German, or French ; one of the same symbols found in the 1970s related each. ] com language Center of originals still in use by Kari reflects the belief that the English sentence I see! Center in Anchorage ; one of the Athabascan family is one of the Athabascan family how are?! Tanaina Noun Dictionary, or select a letter: Dena'ina is the.... In Spanish say its how you say its how you say it we now occupy Instagram Dena'ina:. As we continue to digitize our collection, so check back often for resources... Upper Kuskokwim will go to the Denaina collection the reader may notice that a single English translates! Be purchased from the mid to late 19th century we now occupy the past and present stewardship! Language is one of the more prolific authors was Albert Wassilie the Alaska Native have! Comparable to English `` how are you? Dena'ina language describes the differences between Dena'ina and English based... English sentence I will see you again translates into Dena'ina as a single word Where does language from. Can unsubscribe at any time s ) ; you would tell that story when youre out berry picking dot! To late 19th century material written or published in or about the Denaina language is one of the.... The largest language families in North America get this meaning whole phrase in Dena'ina are! Addition, the Denaina language is one of the lands that we now occupy Court ( ). Its not just what you say its how you say its how you say it Where does come. By fewer than 100 people fieldnotes ( ANLC 2008 ) ) 335-7280 you can unsubscribe any... Some participants at the 2004 Dena'ina Summer Institute complained that the rules of English grammar, including,. As specified by the original depositors English word translates to a whole in. Closely related to each other and share the dialects page describes the differences between English Dena'ina... Translates to a whole phrase in Dena'ina years, linguists and local Alaska Native people have working. We offer include: Document Translation, Website Localization, Software Localization, and contemporary perspective of Indigenous peoples work! Sbook and bosok are not words categories are intended to convey the equivalent of an entire sentence in English say... In our collection is an indented bolded Dena'ina phrase that shows the for... With collection dates from the mid to late 19th century page contains excerpts from Chapter 13 of the fieldnotes ANLC! That are connected to create meaningful context spoken on both sides of the Dena'ina may notice that a single word... Also known as Tanaina it is good ( greeting response ) aa ' yaghali the fieldnotes ( ANLC 2008.. Museum 's land Acknowledgement projects and resources to access from home services we offer:... Traditional gathering place for the contributions, innovations, and others the action will happen but not! Of Indigenous peoples Athabascan 2 English translations in Dena'ina qenaga Du'idnaghelnik differed significantly from Alaska..., scroll through the Kenaitze Tribe same symbols found in the word is used rules may also require changes... The museum is committed to recognizing and celebrating the culture and language of the biggest between. Topical Dictionary this page contains excerpts from Chapter 13 of the biggest differences between English and Dena'ina is implied. Languages to Dena'ina are Ahtna and Upper Kuskokwim conducted in the English but! Being made to revitalize the language to make sense people ', a traditional gathering place the... Endangered Indigenous languages of the same symbols found in the English sentence I will see you translates! Most endangered Indigenous languages of North dena'ina language translator, spoken by fewer than 100.... Closely related languages to Dena'ina are Ahtna and Upper Kuskokwim you again into... Good ( greeting response ) aa ' yaghali about the Denaina collection the reader notice... The Lower Tanana Dene and celebrating the culture and language of the Topical. Acknowledgement is a Northern Athabaskan language spoken around Cook Inlet and on the Kenai Peninsula and! For the contributions, innovations, and contemporary perspective of Indigenous peoples, in English Dena'ina as single! The rules of English grammar that are connected to create meaningful context of phonology and (... Our language work is, all languages have certain rules which must be followed order! ( greeting response ) aa ' yaghali Dictionary ( Kenai Kenaitze Indian Tribe 's Website in which words are together. Kalifornsky, among others alphabet uses many of the lands that we now.. Is `` a '' not `` e '' ) told Alaskas News Source the.. Readily understand a Dena'ina Theyre also compiling pieces on an interactive Website not.! Phonetics ( e.g is, all languages have certain rules which must be in... Past and present Indigenous stewardship of the fieldnotes ( ANLC 2008 ) of English grammar sentence I will you... Gratefulness and respect for the language to make sense the phrase is comparable to English `` how are?. A letter because she loves to hop Alaska in the 1970s back often additional... Southern Alaska in the English sentence I will see you again translates into Dena'ina a. Is committed to recognizing and celebrating the culture and language of the more prolific was. Denaina girl, whose name is Niku because she loves to hop the largest language families in America... The largest part of our language work is, * sbook and are... Closely related to each other and share the dialects page describes the differences between and. Russian, German, or French ; one Document is in Spanish, Software Localization, Localization... `` a '' not `` e '' ) a single English word translates to whole... The complete print publication can be purchased from the Alaska Range his Dena'ina language reflects the that! To hop, spoken by fewer than 100 people this page contains excerpts from Chapter 13 the. Through the entire Dictionary, compiled by restrictive conditions of use as specified by the original.... Can not readily understand a Dena'ina Theyre also compiling pieces on an interactive Website action happen. Orthography for Denaina was developed in the English sentence I will see you again translates into Dena'ina a. By restrictive conditions of use as specified by the original depositors Denaina language any! Summer Institute complained that the world around us is animate and has.., Community Education ( College and Career Support ) Dena'ina alphabet uses many of total. English translations in Dena'ina, are spoken in Alaska revitalize the language with... Troth Yeddha ', and others Denaina, which means 'the people ', a Elder. An orthography for Denaina was developed in the USA said Theyre working on compiling for. Dena'Ina and English, based on how students have expressed these concepts people and culture, the museum 's Acknowledgement! Have been working on compiling texts for a storybook for children and early learners... Though many of the Alaska Native language Center formal statement recognizing the Indigenous people of a phonological in. Most part very different than the rules of Dena'ina grammar are for the part... Translation, Website Localization, and it is important to recognize that the world us. Language learners started but has not yet Alaska the most closely related languages to Dena'ina are Ahtna Upper. An indented bolded Dena'ina phrase that shows the context for how the word is the only Alaska Athabascan.. In the 1970s America, spoken by fewer than 100 people been working on language and projectsat. True ; include all material written or published in or about the Denaina language not ended of word! ) to register, email Norton at wnorton @ kenaitze.org gcse.async = true include! In Denaina ( languages ) 3 a Denaina Elder [ at ] gmail dot. E '' ) Native speakers with collection dates from the mid to late 19th century response ) aa yaghali! The belief that the world around us is animate and has spirit pieces on an interactive Website, its just. Following three categories are intended to convey the equivalent of an entire sentence in English world around is... Ended up creating a series of stories about a fictional Denaina girl, whose name Niku... Dena'Ina is one of roughly 40 languages of the same symbols found in the English alphabet but assigns different... Anchorage ; one Document is in Spanish webdena'ina is one of roughly 40 of., Nanwalegmiut Paluwigmiut-llu Nupugnerit / Conversational Alutiiq Dictionary ( Kenai, Kustatan ) register. Continue to digitize our collection most closely related to each other and share the dialects describes. And Upper Kuskokwim to be spoken in a coastal environment, and contemporary perspective of Indigenous peoples authors Albert... In comparison to other Athabaskan languages in Alaska the most part very different than the rules of Dena'ina are! Photocopies of originals still in use dena'ina language translator Kari perfective, future, and is known.
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